{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:17:51Z","timestamp":1787761071650,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the clinical presentation and highlight the \u201cdiagnostic clinical features\u201d in patients having lacrimal canaliculitis (LC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with primary and secondary LC was performed. A detailed slit-lamp examination of the conjunctiva, lacrimal punctum, canalicular region, and lacrimal sac was performed. Common and coexisting clinical features were highlighted. The posttreatment sequence of resolution of clinical features was also noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty eyes of 36 patients (28 females, 77.78%) with a mean age of 59.5 years were included in the study. Thirty eyes (75%) had primary LC, whereas 10 had a secondary type. Previous misdiagnoses were noted in 34 (85%) eyes. The highlighting clinical features were medial eyelid edema (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40, 100%), pouting and hyperemia of lacrimal punctum (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 36, 90%), yellowish canalicular hue (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 35, 87.5%), and canalicular distention and expressible discharge (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 32, 80%). None had features suggestive of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Thirty-two eyes (80%) showed all four clinical features of LC, a tetrad. At a mean follow-up of 14.5 months, the complete resolution was noted in 36 (90%) eyes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose a \u201cclinical tetrad\u201d of 1. medial eyelid edema, 2. pouting and hyperemia of lacrimal punctum, 3. yellowish canalicular hue and, 4. canalicular distention, and expressible discharge, for the easier clinical diagnosis of LC. The authors believe that using this clinical tetrad may be helpful for the diagnosis of LC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_307_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T10:16:15Z","timestamp":1670235375000},"page":"347-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A \u201cClinical Tetrad\u201d for Easy Diagnosis of Lacrimal 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