{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:18:57Z","timestamp":1787750337022,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To highlight the importance of neuroimaging in children with esotropia and developmental delay and to support botulinum toxin as a minimally invasive treatment option when major brain malformations are present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe an 18-month-old girl with infantile esotropia and mild developmental delay. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed near-complete cerebellar agenesis with a hypoplastic pons. Considering this malformation, bilateral medial rectus botulinum toxin injections (15 units in 0.1 mL per muscle, freehand technique) were performed instead of conventional strabismus surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular alignment improved with satisfactory cosmetic appearance, and stability was maintained throughout 4 months of follow-up. Genetic testing was not performed at the time because of follow-up limitations; however, it is recommended for further etiological clarification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case highlights the importance of neuroimaging in children with esotropia and developmental delay and supports botulinum toxin as a minimally invasive treatment option when major brain malformations are present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_307_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1782126074000},"page":"468-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primary Cerebellar Agenesis in a Child with Esotropia: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Yaser","family":"Kiarudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Radmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Sardabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Aria Hospital, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu239","article-title":"A new case of complete primary cerebellar agenesis: Clinical and imaging findings in a living patient","volume":"138","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R2-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031224","article-title":"Cerebellar agenesis and bilateral polimicrogyria associated with rare variants of CSMD1: A longitudinal neuropsychological and neuroradiological case study","volume":"19","author":"Costanzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R3-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1388","article-title":"National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Descriptive epidemiology of cerebellar hypoplasia in the national birth defects prevention study","volume":"110","author":"Howley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"R5-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.187646","article-title":"Primary cerebellar agenesis presenting as isolated cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Ashraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"R6-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)87008-4","article-title":"Cerebellar hypoplasias","volume":"87","author":"Boltshauser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"R7-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500540078012","article-title":"Human cerebellar hypoplasia: A syndrome of diverse causes","volume":"37","author":"Sarnat","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R8-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2021.04.015","article-title":"Chiari malformation in children","volume":"68","author":"Albert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"R9-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098735","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1098735","article-title":"Local structural-functional connectivity decoupling of caudate nucleus in infantile esotropia","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R10-20260623","first-page":"185","article-title":"Infantile esotropia: Clinical features and results of bilateral medial rectus recession","volume":"53","author":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90407-4","article-title":"Prevalence of systemic and ocular disease in infantile exotropia: Comparison with infantile esotropia","volume":"106","author":"Hunter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R12-20260623","first-page":"133","article-title":"Hereditary congenital exotropia: A report of three cases","volume":"8","author":"Brodsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Binocul Vis Eye Muscle Surg Q"},{"key":"R13-20260623","first-page":"CD006499","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus","volume":"3","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R14-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7664","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6906","article-title":"Repair of strabismus and binocular fusion in children with cerebral palsy: Gross motor function classification scale","volume":"52","author":"Ghasia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R15-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.52768\/2766-7820\/2671","article-title":"The role of botulinum toxin in management of infantile esotropia","volume":"4","author":"\u00c7ift\u00e7i","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Images Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R16-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01737.x","article-title":"Treatment of congenital esotropia with botulinum toxin type A","volume":"89","author":"Baggesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32390-4","article-title":"Botulinum treatment of childhood strabismus","volume":"97","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Current Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joco.joco_307_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:25:49Z","timestamp":1787747149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joco.joco_307_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joco.joco_307_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-2325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-2325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-28","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}