{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:35:27Z","timestamp":1786739727676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To assess refractive error, gender, and age-related differences in corneal topography of a normal population with Oculus Keratograph 4.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This cross-sectional study included a total of 500 normal eyes of 500 individuals with ages ranging from 10 to 70 years. All participants underwent detailed ocular examinations, including visual acuity measurement, slit-lamp examination, and refractive error evaluation. Slit-lamp examination was performed for all individuals to rule out apparent corneal diseases. Corneal topography parameters were assessed using Oculus Keratograph. The data were analyzed based on gender, refractive error, and age groups using independent sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and one-way analysis of variance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of a total of 500 participants (age: 29.51 \u00b1 11.53 years) recruited for the present study, 66.4% were female, and 33.6% were male. The mean spherical equivalent of refraction was \u2212 0.98 \u00b1 1.65 diopters. Significant differences were noted in steep keratometry (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.035) and corneal astigmatism (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.014) between genders. Assessment of the data based on refractive error revealed significant differences in an index of vertical asymmetry (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), index of height asymmetry (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003), and index of height decentration (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.011). Considering age groups, significant differences were observed in flat keratometry readings (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), mean corneal astigmatism (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02), minimum radius of curvature (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.037), and apex power (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n There was a prominent variation in some topographic parameters based on gender, age, and refractive error. The information on corneal parameters obtained with Oculus Keratograph from normal eyes provides a reference for comparison with diseased corneas.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_7_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]],"date-time":"2020-08-09T22:02:33Z","timestamp":1597010553000},"page":"263-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analysis of Age, Gender, and Refractive Error-Related Changes of the Anterior Corneal Surface Parameters Using Oculus Keratograph Topography"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Moghadas Sharif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negareh","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Shahkarami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Ostadi Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asieh","family":"Ehsaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20240910","first-page":"185","article-title":"A review of corneal diameter, curvature and thickness values and influencing factors","volume":"72","author":"Mashige","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr Optom"},{"key":"R2-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.03.050","article-title":"Keratoconus: Classification scheme based on videokeratography and clinical signs","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R3-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.024","article-title":"Videokeratographic anomalies in familial keratoconus","volume":"111","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.11.004","article-title":"A comparison of a topography-based rigid gas permeable contact lens design with a conventionally fitted lens in patients with keratoconus","volume":"33","author":"Bhatoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"R5-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00706-0","article-title":"Topography-driven excimer laser for the retreatment of decentralized myopic photorefractive keratectomy","volume":"108","author":"Alessio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R6-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000233963.26628.f0","article-title":"Post-laser in situ keratomileusis ectasia: Current understanding and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Randleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2009.00407.x","article-title":"Comparison of horizontal corneal diameter measurements using Galilei, eyesys and Orbscan II systems","volume":"92","author":"Salouti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R8-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.11.021","article-title":"White-to-white corneal diameter differences in moderately and highly myopic eyes: Partial coherence interferometry versus scanning-slit topography","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R9-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.09.013","article-title":"Anterior segment biometry with the Pentacam: Comprehensive assessment of repeatability of automated measurements","volume":"34","author":"Shankar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R10-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.003","article-title":"Repeatability and agreement of Orbscan II, Pentacam HR, and Galilei tomography systems in corneas with keratoconus","volume":"175","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000421","article-title":"Repeatability of placido-based corneal topography in keratoconus","volume":"91","author":"Ortiz-Toquero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R12-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20160113-01","article-title":"Repeatability of keratometry measurements obtained with three topographers in keratoconic and normal corneas","volume":"32","author":"Guilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"R13-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.029","article-title":"Comparison and repeatability of keratometric and corneal power measurements obtained by Orbscan II, Pentacam, and Galilei corneal tomography systems","volume":"156","author":"Crawford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200104000-00007","article-title":"Gender-and age-related differences in corneal topography","volume":"20","author":"Goto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R15-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.03.009","article-title":"Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with scheimpflug imaging","volume":"38","author":"Orucoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"R16-8-20240910","first-page":"1","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of horizontal corneal diameter and anterior corneal power measurements using the oculus keratograph 4: Original research","volume":"75","author":"Mashige","year":"2016","journal-title":"African Vis Eye Health"},{"key":"R17-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.04.029","article-title":"Repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement of corneal power measurements obtained with a new corneal topographer","volume":"39","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R18-8-20240910","first-page":"232","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among high school students in Western Iran","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R19-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2012.04.002","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the oculus keratograph","volume":"35","author":"Best","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"R20-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000279","article-title":"Repeatability of grading meibomian gland dropout using two infrared systems","volume":"91","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R21-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00100.x","article-title":"The asphericity, curvature and tilt of the human cornea measured using a videokeratoscope","volume":"23","author":"Douthwaite","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R22-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.02.025","article-title":"Analysis of biometry and prevalence data for corneal astigmatism in 23,239 eyes","volume":"36","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R23-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.01.019","article-title":"Topography-based assessment of anterior corneal curvature and asphericity as a function of age, sex, and refractive status","volume":"35","author":"Scholz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R24-8-20240910","first-page":"73","article-title":"Variations in ocular biometry in an adult Chinese population in Singapore: The Tanjong Pagar survey","volume":"42","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R25-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00732.x","article-title":"Keratometry measurements, corneal astigmatism and irregularity in a normal population: The Tehran eye study","volume":"30","author":"KhabazKhoob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R26-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0816-8","article-title":"Comparison of anterior segment parameters and axial lengths of myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic children","volume":"39","author":"Dogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-1013-2","article-title":"Relationship between anterior corneal asphericity and refractive variables","volume":"247","author":"Nieto-Bona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-8-20240910","first-page":"220","article-title":"Axial length to corneal radius of curvature ratio and refractive errors","volume":"8","author":"Hashemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R29-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S44741","article-title":"Revisiting keratoconus diagnosis and progression classification based on evaluation of corneal asymmetry indices, derived from scheimpflug imaging in keratoconic and suspect cases","volume":"7","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-8-20240910","first-page":"49","article-title":"Relationship of age and keratometry readings of the cornea to central corneal thickness among 98 patients performing refractive surgery in Ibsar center for refractive surgery","volume":"13","author":"Shukur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Kerbala Univ"},{"key":"R31-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197106000-00002","article-title":"Changes in corneal astigmatism with age","volume":"48","author":"Lyle","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"R32-8-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12498","article-title":"Ocular components during the ages of ocular development","volume":"93","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Current Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_7_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:31:56Z","timestamp":1786735916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_7_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joco.joco_7_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-2325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-2325","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}}}