{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:42:29Z","timestamp":1786653749356,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that frequently colonizes the oral mucosa. Depending on multiple etiological factors, Candida can transform from a harmless commensal into a pathogenic organism, leading to the development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer. Although various laboratory diagnostic methods for Candida have been developed, there remains a need for more rapid and sensitive diagnostic aids for infections associated with Candida. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of Calcofluor white and acridine orange fluorescent stains and evaluate the most efficacious stain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two fluorescent stains, calcofluor white and acridine orange, were used to identify Candida elements in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of oral potentially malignant disorders (n = 16), including leukoplakia without dysplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, oral lichen planus, and oral sub mucous fibrosis as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 16), encompassing well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated grades. All stained slides were examined using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a blue filter at 20\u00d7 and 40\u00d7 magnifications. The comparison between the two stains was conducted based on the expression of fungal elements or the grade of Candida within the given sections, staining quality, and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of the present study confirmed that both stains produced similar outcomes in terms of the expression of fungal elements within the sections of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Using both stains, all cases were positive (n = 32), with no negative cases reported. Grade I and II Candida was identified in the sections of oral potentially malignant disorders, whereas Grade III and IV Candida were observed within the sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma and sever dysplasia. Calcofluor white stain demonstrated higher efficiency in terms of staining quality and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calcofluor white stain exhibited better expression of Candida elements in cases of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in terms of staining efficacy and is also more cost-effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_117_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T12:30:18Z","timestamp":1743337818000},"page":"98-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation of staining efficacy of calcofluor white and acridine orange in detecting fungal elements in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma - A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Amberpreet K.","family":"Khangura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, M. M. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shally","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anubha","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200203000-00030","article-title":"Adherence of yeast and filamentour forms of Candida albicans to cultured enterocytes","volume":"30","author":"Wiesner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R2-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.44575","article-title":"Candida and calcofluor white: Study in precancer and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Rashmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R4-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.155886","article-title":"Candida in potentially malignant oral disorders","volume":"7","author":"Sankari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioall Sci"},{"key":"R5-20250328","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Oral candidiasis turns to oral cancer\u2014A rare clinical presentation","volume":"1","author":"Kharadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R6-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20540","article-title":"Utility of reflex gomori methenamine silver staining for Pneumocystis jirovecii on bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic specimens: A review","volume":"34","author":"Nassar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"R7-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00314.x","article-title":"Isolation and identification of candida from the oral cavity","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R8-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_315_18","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of staining efficacy of calcofluor white and acridine orange for detection of Candida species using fluorescence microscopy-A prospective microbiological study","volume":"24","author":"Punjabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R9-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/8.10.1543","article-title":"Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: Catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine","volume":"8","author":"Krogh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"R11-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(87)90373-2","article-title":"The use of calcofluor white in the histopathologic diagnosis of oral candidiasis","volume":"63","author":"Lynch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R12-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.9734\/ijtdh\/2022\/v43i630597","article-title":"Isolation and identification of various candida species in potentially malignant disorders of oral cavity: A retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"Khangura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"key":"R13-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.44575","article-title":"Candida and calcofluor white: Study in precancer and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R14-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.14.2.201-205.1981","article-title":"Comparison of acridine orange and gram stains for detection of microorganisms in cerebrospinal fluid and other clinical specimens","volume":"14","author":"Lauer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R15-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-6816.124188","article-title":"Detection of Candida species by acridine orange fluorescent dye in exfoliative smears of oral candidiasis","volume":"1","author":"Naik","year":"2014","journal-title":"S J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R16-20250328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1467-x","article-title":"Application of fungal fluorescent staining in oral candidiasis: Diagnostic analysis of 228 specimens","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_117_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:41:48Z","timestamp":1786650108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_117_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_117_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X","1998-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}