{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:21:02Z","timestamp":1787775662646,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental caries is a dynamic and composite process. The multifactorial etio-pathogenesis thus influences the initiation and the progression of the disease. The prime pathogenic bacterium includes\n Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n sp\n and Actinomyces viscosus<\/jats:italic>\n . The purpose of this\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study was to analyze the antimicrobial property of the test herbal extracts and also their effects on the human oral keratinocytes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n The bacterial strains\n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC]-25175);\n Lactobacillus species<\/jats:italic>\n (ATCC 4356) and\n A. viscosus<\/jats:italic>\n (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and analysis of variances were performed.-25175); Lactobacillus species (ATCC 4356) and A. viscosus (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and analysis of variances were performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The extracts of\n Carica papaya<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Trachyspermum ammi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Caesalpinia crista<\/jats:italic>\n linn inhibited the growth of bacteria and the antimicrobial effect was found to be statistically significant at the neat\/standard concentration (100 \u03bcg\/ml). The three extracts showed a cell viability range 96%\u201399% indicating that the test extracts did not produce or display any deleterious effects on the oral keratinocytes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n The three test herbal extracts possess effective anti-cariogenic properties with near par with the efficacy of chlorhexidine and\n T. ammi<\/jats:italic>\n proved to be the most potent. The extracts at different concentrations also proved to be safe, noncytotoxic producing a range of 96%\u221299% of cell viability of the oral keratinocytes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_151_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T05:36:28Z","timestamp":1682487388000},"page":"26-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-cariogenic property of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi, Caesalpinia crista linn extracts and their effect on human oral keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Divyalakshmi","family":"Govindaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Ramesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Savithri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.03.006","article-title":"Dental caries and periodontitis: Contrasting two infections that have medical 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