{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:23:56Z","timestamp":1790349836583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n . In recent years,\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species have shown resistance against many synthetic drugs, which has highlighted the need for novel antifungal drugs with fewer side effects for effective management of candidiasis. Several studies have suggested that some plant species possess promising antimicrobial compounds.\n Piper betle<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Ocimum sanctum<\/jats:italic>\n Linn are such common medicinal plants that show strong antimicrobial activity by the release of secondary metabolites. However, the effect of these plants on oral candidiasis has not been studied and hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of these plant extracts on the subcultures of\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n and compared with a standard drug, fluconazole.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Subcultures of\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n obtained from oral thrush patients were used in the present study. Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of\n P. betle<\/jats:italic>\n (betel) and\n O. sanctum<\/jats:italic>\n L. (tulsi) leaves were prepared by cold extraction method. The anticandidal activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated using disc diffusion method and microbroth dilution method, respectively. Values were compared with the standard drug fluconazole.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Both the extracts exhibited anticandidal activity on the subcultures of\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n . The ethyl acetate extract of mature betel leaf showed a maximum zone of inhibition (26 mm) when compared with tulsi and fluconazole (13 mm). Betel leaf extract showed better MIC values (125 \u03bcg\/ml) than tulsi (2000 \u03bcg\/ml). However, these values were high when compared with those of fluconazole (62.5 \u03bcg\/ml).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Ethyl acetate extract of mature betel leaf exhibited good anticandidal activity than that of tulsi and fluconazole.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_167_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T05:33:16Z","timestamp":1578461596000},"page":"333-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antifungal activity of solvent extracts of Piper betle and Ocimum sanctum Linn on Candida albicans: An in vitro comparative study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Basireddy","family":"Sivareddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Ajay","family":"Reginald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Sireesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meda","family":"Samatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K Himakar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Subrahamanyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.922.455","article-title":"Oral Candidiasis","volume":"78","author":"Akpan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R2-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01564-08","article-title":"Antifungal activity of tamoxifen: In vitro and in vivo activities and mechanistic characterization","volume":"53","author":"Dolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R3-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.3.400-428.2003","article-title":"Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Naglik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"R4-20250525","first-page":"33","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica and Phyllanthus amarus against clinical Pathogens","volume":"22","author":"Bharathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R6-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2004.04.004","article-title":"In vitro activity of essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum L. Against four Candida species","volume":"155","author":"Nakamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.12.009","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants","volume":"76","author":"Wannissorn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"R8-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14020586","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of five herbal extracts against multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria and fungus of clinical origin","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"R9-20250525","first-page":"216","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of some crude herbal drugs used for skin diseases by Pawra tribes of Nandurbar district","volume":"1","author":"Jagtap","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"R10-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3329\/bjm.v28i2.11817","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) against some food borne pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Hoque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Microbiol"},{"key":"R11-20250525","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Linn Extract Towards Foodborne Pathogens and Food Spoilage Microorganisms, FT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana","author":"Jenie","year":"2001"},{"key":"R12-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","article-title":"Plant products as antimicrobial agents","volume":"12","author":"Cowan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R13-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-7","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"R14-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(90)90017-N","article-title":"Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders 1. Screening of 84 plants against Enterobacteria","volume":"30","author":"Caceres","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"R15-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4038\/cjs.v47i2.7511","article-title":"The effect of Piper betle against Candida albicans adherence to denture acrylic surfaces","volume":"47","author":"Bandaranayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceylon J Sci"},{"key":"R16-20250525","first-page":"7","article-title":"Safety of herbal drug - san overview","volume":"1","author":"Siddiqui","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drugs News Views"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R17-20250525","first-page":"8","article-title":"Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium","volume":"39","author":"Cragg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"R18-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129131","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbar.v3i2.290","article-title":"Chemical composition of volatile oil of Ocimum sanctum Linn","volume":"3","author":"Naquvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Adv Res"},{"key":"R19-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02894276","article-title":"Evaluation of hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of Ocimum sanctum","volume":"19","author":"Sethi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R20-20250525","first-page":"61","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi): A review","volume":"5","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"key":"R21-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528112666131125110017","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal and hepatoprotective effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn: An ancient remedy with new application","volume":"12","author":"Kamyab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"R22-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e328361aca1","article-title":"Ocimum sanctum linn. (Tulsi): An ethnomedicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of cancer","volume":"24","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"R23-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.02.012","article-title":"Anticandidal effect of Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its synergy with fluconazole and ketoconazole","volume":"17","author":"Amber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"R24-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2016.015","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of different components of Centratherum anthelminticum and Ocimum sanctum seed oils and their synergism against oral pathogenic fungi","volume":"10","author":"Gopalkrishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"key":"R25-20250525","first-page":"125","article-title":"Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: A short review","volume":"49","author":"Prakash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R26-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.65323","article-title":"Ocimum sanctum linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Pattanayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"key":"R27-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2014.6713","article-title":"Anti-candidal activity of Piper betle (L.), Vitex negundo (L.) and Jasminium grandiflorum (L.)","volume":"8","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"R28-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R30-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaphd.jiaphd_134_16","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Piper betel Leaf Oil, Origanum vulgare essential oil and fluconazole suspension on Candida albicans \u2212 An in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Makkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_167_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:05:59Z","timestamp":1787774759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_167_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_167_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X","1998-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-07","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}