{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:43:58Z","timestamp":1791902638988,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The major hormonal changes observed in pregnant women lead to an imbalance in the oral environment. Hence, recent studies suggest that the placenta may harbor a unique microbiome that may have originated in the maternal oral microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n \n The present study aimed to assess the risk factor of oral candidiasis in pregnancy and to evaluate the prevalence of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species in the oral cavity of pregnant women in all three trimesters. The comparison was also done between pregnant and nonpregnant women to evaluate the cause of the prevalence of candidal species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Thirty pregnant and thirty nonpregnant women aged between 20 and 30 years were included in the study that were healthy and who did not have any obvious lesion in the oral cavity. The sterile swabs were used to collect samples from the oral cavity from both the groups by brushing the dorsum of the tongue and buccal mucosa. The pregnant women were followed throughout the pregnancy, i.e., in every trimester, for the sample collection. The samples were then cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media. The positive growth on culture plates was then inoculated on HiCrome agar differential agar media for speciation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Statistical analysis was done by comparing the positive growth in pregnant and nonpregnant women using Fisher's exact test. The pregnant women were compared in three trimesters using the McNemar Chi-square test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The study concludes that there was no significant presence of\n Candidal<\/jats:italic>\n species when compared between pregnant and nonpregnant groups. The prevalence of Candida species also remained the same.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_255_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:15:20Z","timestamp":1624878920000},"page":"118-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A comparative study to assess risk of oral candidiasis in pregnant and nonpregnant women"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"family":"Shaimaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heena","family":"Zainab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Hugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameena","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.6.1526","article-title":"Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species","volume":"20","author":"Jarwis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1210-1212.2005","article-title":"CHROMagar Candida as the sole primary medium for isolation of yeasts and as a source medium for the rapid-assimilation-of-trehalose test","volume":"43","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80028-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes associated with moderate to heavy Candida colonization during pregnancy. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"178","author":"Cotch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R6-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510381905","article-title":"Oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes \u2013 What's next?","volume":"90","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R7-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01593.x","article-title":"Association between periodontal disease, bacterial vaginosis, and sexual risk behaviours","volume":"37","author":"Zabor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R8-23-20240906","first-page":"605","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida infection in pregnant women with and without diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci"},{"key":"R10-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2010.2744","article-title":"Candida albicans and non-albicans species as etiological agent of vaginitis in pregnant and non-pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Babic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"R11-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S166","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.149028","article-title":"Gynecologists' knowledge and attitudes regarding oral health and periodontal disease leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Hashim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"R12-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12189","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12189","article-title":"Significant increase of oral bacteria in the early pregnancy period in Japanese women","volume":"8","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Clin Dent"},{"key":"R13-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu027","article-title":"Interindividual variability and intraindividual stability of oral fungal microbiota over time","volume":"52","author":"Monteiro-da-Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"R14-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.12.3.475-476.1980","article-title":"Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects","volume":"12","author":"Epstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R15-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.80","article-title":"Candida glabrata: Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Fidel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R16-23-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3181eb6620","article-title":"Infectious causes of stillbirth: a clinical perspective","volume":"53","author":"McClure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_255_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1786724871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_255_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_255_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}