{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:58:45Z","timestamp":1787169525048,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lesions are often the first tell-tale sign for human immunodeficiency virus infections (HIV). Numerous oral lesions have been associated with HIV infections, some lesions such as candidiasis being more common than others. Regular oral screening can aid in identifying such lesions allowing for the early diagnosis of HIV and help in monitoring the progression of HIV in such individuals. We report a case of a family who manifested with oral lesions consistent with HIV. A review of literature on diagnosing immunocompromised individuals in clinical practice has also been summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_281_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T07:22:42Z","timestamp":1646724162000},"page":"S139-S142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosing oral lesions in immunocompromised individuals"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amritha","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandhini","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dineshkumar","family":"Thayalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Mahalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200301000-00004","article-title":"The changing clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related oral lesions in 1,000 consecutive patients: A 12-year study in a referral center in Mexico","volume":"82","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Amador","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore"},{"key":"R3-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60369","article-title":"Oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00032.x","article-title":"A prospective study of oral lesions and their predictive value for progression of HIV disease","volume":"3","author":"Begg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R5-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601-0825.2003.00990.x","article-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV infection in relation to clinical and CD4 immunological status in northern and southern Thai patients","volume":"10","author":"Kerdpon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R7-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2002.00019.x","article-title":"The significance and management of periodontal lesions in HIV infection","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R9-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001567","article-title":"HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma and related diseases","volume":"31","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.051953","article-title":"HIV infection and lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Grogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R11-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90273-F","article-title":"Recurrent aphthous ulcers in association with HIV infection. Description of ulcer types and analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets","volume":"71","author":"MacPhail","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R12-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511400076","article-title":"Mechanisms of viral infections associated with HIV: Workshop 2B","volume":"23","author":"Tugizov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"R13-30-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1099-y","article-title":"Risk of cancer among HIV-infected patients from a population-based nested case-control study: Implications for cancer prevention","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_281_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:08:04Z","timestamp":1787166484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_281_21"}},"subtitle":["A case report with a review of literature"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_281_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}}}