{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:45:24Z","timestamp":1787071524448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increasing incidence of oral cancer in women and younger adults with no habit of using tobacco has been noticed in recent years, with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection considered to be the major causative factor especially about tongue. Though role of HPV in oropharyngeal carcinoma is well established, studies in tongue cancers had yielded conflicting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We carried out histopathological evaluation of HPV induced epithelial changes (koilocytes, karyorrhectic cells, and apoptotic bodies) followed by assessment of the presence of HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in paraffinized tissue sections using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 40 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of lateral border of tongue belonging to both habit and non-habit group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant difference in the mean value of apoptotic bodies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) was noticed between the habit and the non-habit groups. But the difference in the mean value of koilocytes, and karyorrhectic cells noticed between the groups was not significant. The presence of HPV DNA was detected only in 1 out of the 40 (2.5%) tongue squamous cell carcinoma cases subjected for the PCR study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Though a subset of HPV induced oral squamous cell carcinoma seems to exist, HPV does not seem to be the prime etiological agent in oral tongue cancers in the absence of associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_294_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:00:31Z","timestamp":1775116831000},"page":"81-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of human papilloma virus as an independent risk factor in non-habituated oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients \u2013 An institutional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Litu Mary","family":"Thampy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and MIcrobiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahija","family":"Janardhanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vindhya","family":"Savithri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Kuriachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thara","family":"Aravind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"45","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.4.tb03403.x","article-title":"Tobacco use and oral cancer: A global perspective","volume":"65","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Edu"},{"key":"R3-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.09.006","article-title":"Human papilloma virus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A growing epidemic","volume":"40","author":"Panwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"R4-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-968","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers in European populations: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Abogunrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R5-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036294","article-title":"The relationship between oral squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus: A meta-analysis of a Chinese population (1994-2011)","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.25886","article-title":"Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Etiology, pathogenesis and prognostic value of genomic alterations","volume":"43","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"key":"R7-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500020","article-title":"Etiologic factors associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma in non-smokers and non-alcoholic drinkers: A brief approach","volume":"23","author":"Vargas-Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"R8-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1323","article-title":"Prognostic factors in tongue cancer-relative importance of demographic, clinical and histopathological factors","volume":"83","author":"Kantola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.04.009","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of human papillomavirus in oral tongue cancer: The Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"66","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20490","article-title":"Human papillomavirus is more common in base of tongue than in mobile tongue cancer and is a favorable prognostic factor in base of tongue cancer patients","volume":"112","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-008-0131-7","article-title":"No high-risk HPV detected in SCC of the oral tongue in the absolute absence of tobacco and alcohol--A case study of seven patients","volume":"12","author":"Siebers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2014.01.006","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) status of non-tobacco related squamous cell carcinomas of the lateral tongue","volume":"50","author":"Poling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R13-20260420","first-page":"889","article-title":"Role of human papilloma virus in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Elango","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3109\/00016481003782041","article-title":"Prevalence of viral (HPV, EBV, HSV) infections in oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer from India","volume":"130","author":"Jalouli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R15-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-012-0368-1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in non-oropharyngeal head and neck cancers: A systematic literature review","volume":"6","author":"Isayeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"R16-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80377-5","article-title":"Human papillomavirus-associated oral epithelial dysplasia (koilocytic dysplasia): An entity of unknown biologic potential","volume":"82","author":"Fornatora","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R17-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-00009577-200401000-00017","article-title":"Correlation between histological criteria and human papillomavirus presence based on PCR assay in cervical biopsies","volume":"14","author":"Salvia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"R18-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000200008","article-title":"Correlation between koilocytes and human papillomavirus detection by PCR in oral and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma biopsies","volume":"106","author":"Miyahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"R19-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.119756","article-title":"HPV involvement in OSCC: Correlation of PCR results with light microscopic features","volume":"17","author":"Khangura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R20-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16918-w","article-title":"Meta analysis: HPV and p16 pattern determines survival in patients with HNSCC and identifies potential new biologic subtype","volume":"7","author":"Albers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R21-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910610403","article-title":"Human papillomaviruses in 91 oral cancers from Indian betel quid chewers--High prevalence and multiplicity of infections","volume":"61","author":"Balaram","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R22-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1309\/C5P6NUQ2NW6LCTBP","article-title":"High-risk human papillomaviruses may have an important role in non-oral habits-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan","volume":"120","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R23-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01038.x","article-title":"Analysis of human papillomavirus DNA in oral squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Woods","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_294_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:47:28Z","timestamp":1787068048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_294_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_294_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X","1998-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}