{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:43:39Z","timestamp":1787071419475,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral cancer is one among the alarming diseases related to oral cavity. Its prevalence and incidence have increased in many folds, in the past decade. This has led the investigators to find the preliminary stages and related early evaluating methods to restrain it. Few clinical lesions such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and lichen planus reflected malignant changes. These premalignant disorders provided scope to assess the underlying cellular and molecular events, which shall be helpful in early detection, aggressiveness and prognosis of the patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty formalin fixed, paraffin embedded blocks were utilized and evenly subdivided into Group I \u2013 control tissue, Group II \u2013 mild epithelial dysplasia, Group III \u2013 moderate epithelial dysplasia and Group IV \u2013 severe epithelial dysplasia. The study group was categorized based on the WHO classification of dysplasia 2005. Routine staining was performed to reconfirm the diagnosis of all the samples. Simultaneously, immunohistochemical staining was done with cluster differentiation-44 (CD44) antibody. Positive cells were counted on 10 representative fields with a minimum of 100 cells per field using \u00d720.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of four groups with respective to number of positive cells was done using Kruskal\u2013Wallis ANOVA test. Pair-wise comparison of three grades of oral epithelial dysplasia and the controls was done using Mann\u2013Whitney U test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean of Group I is 745.50, Group II is 665.20, Group III is 530.10 and Group IV is 322.90. A statistically significant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.00001 was ascertained on comparison of the mean between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CD44, a cell membrane marker could help in cell adhesion and cell-cell interactions. Loss of CD44 expression enhances the binding of the growth factors with their principle receptors that enhances the cellular proliferation. It can be used as a prognostic marker for identifying the rate of malignant transformation in these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_308_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T08:27:16Z","timestamp":1566980836000},"page":"203-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Expression of cluster differentiation-44 stem cell marker in grades of oral epithelial dysplasia: A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sashi Kiran Sanapala","family":"Venkat Naga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poosarla Chandra","family":"Shekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Kumar","family":"Kattappagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kantheti Lalith","family":"Prakash Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gontu Sridhar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baddam Venkat","family":"Ramana Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910550604","article-title":"Estimates of the worldwide mortality from eighteen major cancers in 1985. 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