{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:24:42Z","timestamp":1783347882122,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate the levels of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair under the hypoxic conditions of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) using X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (\n XRCC1<\/jats:italic>\n ) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (\n HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n ) in saliva samples.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, India. A total of 45 participants were divided into three groups that is, controls without any history of gutkha use, gutka chewers without oral lesions, and gutka chewers with OSMF. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was performed to measure the expression of\n XRCC1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n in saliva samples.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Salivary\n XRCC1<\/jats:italic>\n levels were significantly higher in gutkha chewers without oral lesions compared to controls and OSMF patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .023). Similarly, salivary\n HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n levels were also significantly elevated in gutkha chewers without oral lesions compared to both controls and OSMF patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .028). In addition,\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n analysis confirmed that gutkha chewers without oral lesions and the two other participant groups differed significantly for both biomarkers. However, a statistically nonsignificant correlation was found between\n XRCC1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings showed higher expression of\n XRCC1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n in gutkha chewers without lesions, indicating that early stress-induced DNA damage and hypoxia may activate cellular DNA repair machinery and the release of protective transcription factors as an adaptive response. However, the finding of down-regulation in OSMF suggests depletion of repair proteins and cellular tolerance to the damage that occurs with persistent stress exposure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_378_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:00:36Z","timestamp":1783101636000},"page":"245-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary assessment of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) as biomarkers of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair response and hypoxia in oral submucous fibrosis: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutuja","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arushi","family":"Chaure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astha","family":"Pusame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 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