{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:43:39Z","timestamp":1787071419751,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Periodontitis is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. The main causative agent is presence of biofilm formed due to different micro-organisms. Among different micro- organisms \u201cred complex\u201d bacteria is known to be the main causative agent in progression of periodontitis.\n Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n out of the red the complex organism plays a major role in progression of periodontitis.\n P. gingivalisis<\/jats:italic>\n present in both in healthy and diseased individuals. The difference in the strains will determine the virulence factor of the organism and also progression of disease. Only few studies have been done showing variation in strains present between healthy and diseased.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n \n To check the difference in heterogeneity of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n in chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals through Arbitrarily Primed-PCR (AP-PCR).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 400 subjects (200 each of chronic periodontitisandhealthy individuals) were included. Sub-gingival plaque was collected in the Reduced transport fluid (RTF) medium and processed at the institutional central research laboratory. Presence of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n was, confirmed by culture andphenotypical analysis. Further confirmed cases were processed for PCR after DNA extraction using 16S rRNA. Positive cases of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n were subjected for AP-PCR for clonal analysis using the specific 272 primer.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In 152(76%) and 98(49%) were confirmed for\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n in chronic periodontitis and healthy individual respectively by PCR. AP-PCR analysis showed 6 clusters with similarity index in CP and 3 clusters with similarity index in Healthy individuals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The present study showed difference in clusters between chronic periodontitis and healthy individual'sthussuggestive variantin genetic heterogeneity of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n strain between healthy and chronic periodontitis. AP- PCR appears to be a promising tool for clonal analysis of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_3_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T17:16:06Z","timestamp":1600794966000},"page":"251-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of cluster analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction between healthy and chronic periodontitis subjects"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Preeti","family":"Ingalagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Kotrashetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manohar","family":"Kugaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"R1-20250930","first-page":"168","article-title":"Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"1999","author":"Holt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"R2-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00569-09","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis strain diversity","volume":"47","author":"Igboin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"54","key":"R3-20250930","first-page":"136","article-title":"Genotyping to distinguish microbial pathogenicity in periodontitis","volume":"2010","author":"Kubinowa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"R4-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790090501","article-title":"Prevalence of specific genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis fim A and periodontal health status","volume":"79","author":"Amano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R5-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1426-1430.1999","article-title":"Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains with fim A genotypes in periodontitis patients","volume":"37","author":"Amano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R6-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.4.738-740.1987","article-title":"Selected characteristic of pathogenic and non- pathogenic strain of Bacteroides gingivalis","volume":"25","author":"Grenier","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.4028-4033.1999","article-title":"Porphyromonas strain variability, and periodontitis","volume":"37","author":"Griffen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R8-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-8-741","article-title":"Molecular fingerprinting of Porphyromonas gingivalis by PCR of repitative extra gene pallidromic (REP) sequence and comparison with other finger printing method","volume":"48","author":"Teanpaisan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R9-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05360.x","article-title":"Application of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primer (AP-PCR) to strain identification of Porphyromonas (Bacteriodes) Gingivalis","volume":"95","author":"Menard","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R10-20250930","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modulation of inflammsome activity by Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis and associated systemic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"51","key":"R11-20250930","first-page":"9","article-title":"Periodontal diagnosis and treatment\u2014where does the future lie?","volume":"2009","author":"Chapple","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"R12-20250930","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Comparison of culture and PCR for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects","volume":"34","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Sci"},{"key":"R13-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.03.008","article-title":"Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients by RAPD-PCR","volume":"39","author":"Nanvazadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"R14-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004","article-title":"Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases","volume":"17","author":"Clarridge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R15-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_17_434","article-title":"Identification of multiple strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis using heteroduplex polymerase chain reaction in varying severity of chronic periodontitis","volume":"36","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R16-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2004.00140.x","article-title":"Distribution of fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subjects with various periodontal conditions","volume":"19","author":"Missailidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R17-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01566.x","article-title":"Composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants","volume":"19","author":"Shibli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"R18-20250930","first-page":"244","article-title":"Do elderly edentulous patients with a history of periodontitis harbor periodontal disease?","volume":"13","author":"Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"R19-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.9.1387","article-title":"Detection of mayor putative periodontopathogens in Korean advanced adult periodontitis patients using a nucleic acid based approach","volume":"71","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R20-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.2017-2019.1996","article-title":"Age and prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in children","volume":"34","author":"McClellan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R21-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000100001","article-title":"Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens from periodontal patients and healthy subjects in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Avila-Campos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"R22-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1994.tb00042.x","article-title":"Clonal analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis by the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R23-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.1999.140310.x","article-title":"Identical clonal types of Porphyromonas gingivalis or Prevotella nigrescens recovered from infected root canals and subgingival plaque","volume":"14","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R24-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/000163500429190","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its possible importance to pathogenicity","volume":"58","author":"Ozmeric","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"R25-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690080801","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of Porphyromonas (Bacteriodes) gingivalis by genomic DNA fingerprinting","volume":"69","author":"Loos","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Dent Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_3_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:45:51Z","timestamp":1787067951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_3_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_3_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-029X","1998-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-029X","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}