{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:40:43Z","timestamp":1787071243908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research has been intensive on the possibility of using the ideal oral fluids in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to detect the most accurate biomarkers that can be used to predict and diagnose periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque samples were collected. The levels of biomarkers ( Human Cathelicidine LL-37 (LL-37), Matrix Metalloproteinase -8 (MMP-8), Matrix Metalloproteinase -9 (MMP-9), interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), osteoprotegerin (OPG), OC and PGE2) were quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while the subgingival periodontal pathogens (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. forsythia, T. denticola, P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A.a<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were identified using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Cumulative Risk Score (CRS), a new statistical approach, was used to evaluate the accuracy of applying oral biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal disease based on three selected biomarkers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study showed that MMP-8, IL-1\u03b2, PGE2 and IL-6 in GCF are associated with increased count of periodontal pathogens and different clinical periodontal parameters when compared to the other biomarkers. This association increased significantly by using CRS, which had 2 to 3 times higher odds ratios than the use of any selected biomarkers alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, this study showed that the levels of biomarkers in the GCF, mainly MMP-8, IL-1\u03b2, PGE2 and IL-6, if used separately, could be useful in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease to a certain degree of accuracy. The study also showed that the combination of three GCF biomarkers in a single biomarker package to establish the CRS index is more precise in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease than the use of other biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_5_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:00:42Z","timestamp":1758880842000},"page":"360-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reliability of oral biomarkers in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zeyad Nazar","family":"Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Babylon, 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