{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:01Z","timestamp":1786649941113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n In the world, oral squamous cell carcinoma is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Numerous factors are known to influence the tumour microenvironment, promoting the development of neoplasms. Among them, hypoxia plays a crucial role in neo-angiogenesis by stimulating factors that are proangiogenic in order to thrive with an adequate supply of blood, thereby increasing tumour aggressiveness and worsening the prognosis in neoplasms. Oral cancer is most often preceded by OPMDs with a histological connotation of epithelial dysplasia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim and Objective:<\/jats:title>\n The aim is to assess the expression of HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 in various grades of epithelial dysplasia and normal buccal mucosa, which will aid in comprehending the mechanism of malignant conversion of OPMD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n Assessment of HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 expression was done in 90 samples of epithelial dysplasia, which were categorised histologically into 30 samples each of mild, moderate and severe dysplasia immunohistochemically.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A statistically significant difference was noted between expression of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha in each mild (0.133 \u00b1 0.098 and 0.014 \u00b1 0.008, respectively), moderate (2.050 \u00b1 0.530 and 1.200 \u00b1 0.406, respectively) and severe grades of dysplasia (6.350 \u00b1 0.939 and 2.400 \u00b1 0.674, respectively). (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001, respectively).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Hypoxia is a crucial factor that triggers the switch of angiogenesis and other inflammatory mediators, facilitating tumorigenesis. This is essential for anticipating the malignant conversion of epithelial dysplasia and, in turn, also predicts the prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_81_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T12:00:32Z","timestamp":1766836832000},"page":"584-589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling hypoxia\u2019s role in oral cancer progression: Analysing HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 in epithelial dysplasia immunohistochemically"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Niva","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abikshyeet","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailash Chandra","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lipsa","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","first-page":"9","article-title":"Immunohistochemical comparison of CD44 and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral epithelial dysplasia: A comparative 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Prospects"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825266","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.825266","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: Etiology, pathogenesis, and transformation into oral cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R7-20260420","first-page":"3001","article-title":"Genetic abnormalities in oral leukoplakia and oral cancer progression","volume":"17","author":"Kil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R8-20260420","first-page":"e45189","article-title":"The study of expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 Alpha) and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2 Alpha) in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"15","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R9-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-019-01597-y","article-title":"An immunohistochemical study of HIF-1 alpha in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/HP.S93413","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy","volume":"3","author":"Muz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypoxia (Auckl)"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9414-4-5","article-title":"Tumor hypoxia as a driving force in genetic instability","volume":"4","author":"Luoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Integr"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009611313030003","article-title":"Oxygen-independent regulation of HIF-1: Novel involvement of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Agani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"R13-20260420","first-page":"4693","article-title":"Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is a marker for an unfavorable prognosis in early-stage invasive cervical cancer","volume":"60","author":"Birner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00571.x","article-title":"Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a is significantly associated with the progression and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinomas in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial 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