{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1787169783538,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of the length of the lingual frenulum with the craniofacial morphology in adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHOD AND MATERIALS:<\/jats:title>\n The study comprised a total of 144 subjects, aged 18 to 28 years, divided into 3 groups (48 in each group), based on ANB angle i.e., Skeletal Class I, Skeletal Class II & Skeletal Class III. To measure the length of the lingual frenulum direct and indirect methods were used. A Lingual frenulum ruler was used for direct measurement and the differences between the maximum mouth opening reduction (MMOR) with and without the tip of the tongue touching the incisive papilla measurement were taken for the indirect method. A lateral cephalogram was collected from each subject and a cephalometric analysis was done to assess craniofacial morphology. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA and the significance of the mean difference between (inter) the groups was done by Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) post hoc test after ascertaining normality by Shapiro-Wilk's test and homogeneity of variance between groups by Levene's test<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n The lingual frenulum length and maximum mouth opening reduction were significantly increased in the Skeletal Class III subjects with a statistically significant value of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 when compared with the Skeletal Class I and Skeletal Class II subjects.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n A balance in the teeth positioning is maintained by orofacial musculature and any disturbance which occurs in this, results in malocclusion. Malocclusion can result in a long lingual frenulum that pushes the mandibular anterior forwards. Hence, the malocclusion and lingual frenulum length relationship are essential to eliminate the erratic forces and to attain excellent results, following the elimination of malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_108_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T02:15:40Z","timestamp":1693966540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lingual frenulum length: A prospecting link to craniofacial morphology in adults"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Rama Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Rama Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mithala Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mithala Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prativa","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practitioner, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","first-page":"31","article-title":"Factors influencing mandibular growth","volume":"56","author":"Mew","year":"1986","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R2-20240830","first-page":"25","article-title":"Ankyloglossia and its influence on maxillary and mandibular development. (A seven year follow-up case report)","volume":"17","author":"Defabianis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Funct Orthod"},{"key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01108.x","article-title":"Ankyloglossia: A morphofunctional investigation in children","volume":"11","author":"Ruffoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R4-20240830","first-page":"12","article-title":"Ankyloglossia in a pseudo-class III malocclusion: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Alhaddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smile Dent J"},{"key":"R5-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ankyloglossia: A review of current status","volume":"12","author":"Hooda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R6-20240830","first-page":"175","article-title":"Equilibrium theory revisited: Factors influencing position of the teeth","volume":"48","author":"Proffit","year":"1978","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1975.0075","article-title":"Myofunctional therapy for tongue-thrusting: Background and recommendations","volume":"90","author":"Proffit","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R8-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1042-14-44","article-title":"Skeletal and dental characteristics in subjects with ankyloglossia","volume":"14","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"R9-20240830","first-page":"557","article-title":"The lingual frenum","volume":"43","author":"Northcutt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"R10-20240830","first-page":"545","article-title":"The role of the frenum. The editors corner","volume":"113","author":"Keim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"R11-20240830","first-page":"106","article-title":"Oral diagnosis of abnormal frenum attachments in neonates and infants: Evaluation and treatment of the maxillary and lingual frenum using the erbium: YAG laser","volume":"10","author":"Kotlow","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Dent Care"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-013-0049-0","article-title":"Ankyloglossia and tongue mobility","volume":"15","author":"Jamilian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_294_17","article-title":"Prevalence of variations in morphology and attachment of maxillary labial frenum in various skeletal patterns \u2013 A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Rajani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090086","article-title":"Ankyloglossia: Facts and myths in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"80","author":"Suter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R15-20240830","first-page":"132","article-title":"Neonatal and adult tongue dimensions","volume":"37","author":"Hopkin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R16-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(53)90082-7","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me","volume":"39","author":"Steiner","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"R17-20240830","first-page":"287","article-title":"A pathological consideration of ankyloglossia and lingual myoplasty","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Taehan Chikkwa Uisa Hyophoe Chi"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/14.6.469","article-title":"At the crossroads of oral facial genetics","volume":"14","author":"Markovic","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R19-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cephalometric study of craniofacial variations in adult twins","volume":"30","author":"Horowitz","year":"1960","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R20-20240830","first-page":"95","article-title":"The role of the functional matrix in mandibular growth","volume":"38","author":"Moss","year":"1968","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.07.017","article-title":"The relationship between the lingual frenulaum and craniofacial morphology in adults","volume":"139","author":"Jang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R22-20240830","first-page":"66","article-title":"The relationship between frenulum length and malocclusion","volume":"62","author":"Azizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"R23-20240830","first-page":"202","article-title":"Assessment of lingual frenulum lengths in skeletal malocclusion","volume":"8","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R24-20240830","first-page":"59","article-title":"Relationship between mandibular incisor irregularity and type of occlusion in ankyloglossia","volume":"13","author":"Sepet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R25-20240830","first-page":"643","article-title":"Short lingual frenum: Clinical and therapeutic considerations","volume":"14","author":"Mazzocchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Med Chir"},{"key":"R26-20240830","first-page":"59","article-title":"A study of pathology associated with short lingual frenum","volume":"69","author":"Garcia Pola","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASDC J Dent Child"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthodontic Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jos.jos_108_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:12:15Z","timestamp":1787166735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jos.jos_108_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jos.jos_108_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2278-1897","2278-0203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2278-1897","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-0203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}