{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:07Z","timestamp":1787169787576,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to comprehensively analyze the existing information on the prevalence of the need for orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition stage among populations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. For observational studies in GCC countries, the key terms were electronically searched in Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Reviews, Google Scholar, and Sage databases (1990\u20132021). The bias risk for the selected studies was evaluated using the modified Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Thirteen studies reported on the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs among 33,134 children in GCC countries in permanent dentition with an age range of 11\u201319 years satisfied the inclusion criteria. Out of the 13 studies, 9 reported on the prevalence of malocclusion, 11 reported on the prevalence of occlusal traits, and 12 reported on the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs as per the Dental Health Component (DHC) of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), 4 reported as per both DHC and Aesthetic Component (AC) of IOTN, and 1 reported as per only AC of IOTN. Meta-analysis of the included studies indicated that the pooled malocclusion prevalence rate was 10.60% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 0.093\u20130.076) with 8.58% Class I (CI 95%: 0.074\u20130.188), 2.09% Class II (CI 95%: 0.014\u20130.058), and 0.93% Class III (CI 95%: 0.005\u20130.018) malocclusions. The most prevalent type of occlusal trait was spacing (13.10%, CI 95%: 0.018\u20130.169), followed by crowding (4.96%, CI 95%: 0.017\u20130.091). The pooled prevalence of borderline and definite needs for orthodontic treatment based on DHC and AC of IOTN was 0.82% (CI 95%: 0.014\u20130.035), 1.13% (CI 95%: 0.011\u20130.091), 4.08% (CI 95%: 0.009\u20130.114), and 2.06% (CI 95%: 0.002\u20130.048), respectively. The findings were heterogeneous (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). These findings indicated that the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs was not high in the GCC population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_126_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T02:15:40Z","timestamp":1693966540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs in permanent dentition in the population of Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Praveen B.","family":"Shivanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Orthodontist, Bariq Al Ebtesama Dental and Orthodontic Clinic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidyullatha B.","family":"Gopalakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0308-7","article-title":"Consequences of orthodontic treatment in malocclusion patients: Clinical and microbial effects in adults and children","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5005\/johcd-6-1-21","article-title":"Incidence of malocclusions in India: A review","volume":"6","author":"Sandhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Health Community Dent"},{"key":"R4-20240830","first-page":"3","article-title":"Do malocclusions affect the individual's oral health-related quality of life?","volume":"5","author":"Traebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8104904.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8104904","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth in saudi patients attending dental clinics in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: A radiographic retrospective study","volume":"2020","author":"Alamri","year":"2020","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"R6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm016","article-title":"Prevalence and factors related to malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Nobile","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4807429","article-title":"Quality control in orthodontics: Indices of treatment need and treatment standards","volume":"170","author":"Shaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"R8-20240830","first-page":"115","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment needs and indications assessed with IONT","volume":"50","author":"Grzywacz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Stetin"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.1.53","article-title":"The aesthetic component of the index of orthodontic treatment need validated against lay opinion","volume":"24","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)70044-6","article-title":"Comparing and contrasting two orthodontic indices, the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the Dental Aesthetic Index","volume":"110","author":"Jenny","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.223616","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic treatment need in permanent dentition of Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"15","author":"Eslamipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2018.05.002","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary teeth caries studies in Gulf Cooperation Council States","volume":"30","author":"Al Ayyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40-e1","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl","article-title":"Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0476-8","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment among adolescents in the northern border region of Saudi Arabia: An epidemiological study","volume":"18","author":"Gudipaneni","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R15-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2184","article-title":"Prevalence of unwanted pregnancy in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Moosazadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"R19-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R20-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000094267","article-title":"Residual need for early orthodontic treatment and orthodontic treatment experience among 13- to 14-year-old school children in Kuwait","volume":"15","author":"Artun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1159\/000316371","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment need in adolescent Kuwaitis: Prevalence, severity and manpower requirements","volume":"19","author":"Al-Azemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"R22-20240830","first-page":"857","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment need in Dubai school adolescents: A study of 20,000 school-age adolescents in 66 public and private schools comparing orthodontic treatment need by gender and ethnicity","volume":"13","author":"Al Jeshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Health Dent Manag"},{"key":"R23-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.8.22337","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment needs in Saudi young adults and manpower requirements","volume":"39","author":"Al-Hummayani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R24-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_87_18","article-title":"Agreement and association between normative and subjective orthodontic treatment need using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need","volume":"8","author":"Taibah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"R25-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_181_20","article-title":"Comparison of orthodontic treatment need among professionals and parents in Dammam, Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Al-Khalifa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R26-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00070.x","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"AlEmran","year":"1990","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"R27-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.06.032","article-title":"Incisor trauma in an adolescent Arab population: Prevalence, severity, and occlusal risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Artun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"R28-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10.","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_104_18","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of schoolchildren in Northern Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Alajlan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"R29-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3.","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_44_19","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among young adults in Jeddah city","volume":"9","author":"Alogaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"R30-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_44_18","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in Omani adolescent population","volume":"7","author":"Al Jadidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthodont Sci"},{"key":"R31-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_200_19","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion traits in saudi arabia 2015-2019: An epidemiological cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Al-Harbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R32-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.192269","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among Iranian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Akbari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"R33-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-0203.115085","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in urban Libyan preschool children","volume":"2","author":"Bugaighis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"R34-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22900-x","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in mainland China, 1988\u20132017: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shen,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R35-20240830","first-page":"187","article-title":"Non-nutritive sucking behaviors in preschool children: A longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Warren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R36-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.107437","article-title":"Occlusal traits of deciduous dentition of preschool children of Indian children","volume":"3","author":"Bahadure","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"R37-20240830","first-page":"17","article-title":"Gender influence on occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 4-to 6-year-old children of Bagalkot City, India","volume":"9","author":"Bhayya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R38-20240830","first-page":"75","article-title":"Prevalence of spaced and non-spaced dentition and occlusal relationship of primary dentition and its relation to malocclusion in schoolchildren of Davangere","volume":"7","author":"Shavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R40-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.104883","article-title":"Study of occlusal characteristics of primary dentition and the prevalence of maloclusion in 4 to 6 years old children in India","volume":"9","author":"Bhayya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent Res J"},{"key":"R41-20240830","first-page":"51","article-title":"Evaluation of occlusion, trauma, and dental anomalies in African-American children of metropolitan Headstart programs","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R42-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2003.00466.x","article-title":"Occlusion and tooth\/arch dimensions in the primary dentition of preschool Jordanian children","volume":"13","author":"Abu Alhaija","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R43-20240830","first-page":"104","article-title":"Occlusal assessment of a 3-5 year population","volume":"1","author":"Penido","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R44-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.04.015","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes in subjects with deepbite","volume":"140","author":"Baccetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"R45-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2014.07.001","article-title":"Occlusal characteristics and prevalence of associated dental anomalies in the primary dentition","volume":"5","author":"Lochib","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R46-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2319\/080414-542.1","article-title":"Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: A longitudinal study","volume":"85","author":"Dimberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R47-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6630.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6630","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition in Shanghai, China","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R48-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn089","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment need in Spanish schoolchildren: An epidemiological study using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need","volume":"31","author":"Manzanera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R49-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp050","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic treatment need in southern Italian schoolchildren","volume":"32","author":"Perillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R50-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP1501012J","article-title":"Index of orthodontic treatment need in children from the Ni\u0161 region","volume":"72","author":"Jano\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"R51-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-5-8","article-title":"Ethnic variations in orthodontic treatment need in London schoolchildren","volume":"5","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R52-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2008)078[0647:IONSHB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of nonnutritive sucking habits, breathing pattern and adenoid size on the development of malocclusion","volume":"78","author":"G\u00f3is","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthodontic Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jos.jos_126_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:13:17Z","timestamp":1787166797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jos.jos_126_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jos.jos_126_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2278-1897","2278-0203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2278-1897","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-0203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-04","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}