{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:04:01Z","timestamp":1792753441376,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T2DM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), affecting 20%\u201350% of patients and leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This review synthesizes literature on CKD in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T2DM<\/jats:italic>\n                    , focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies, including oral hypo-glycemic agents and emerging therapies. A systematic search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science prioritized studies from 2010 to 2025. Findings high-light the multifactorial pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), driven by hyperglycemia, hypertension, and oxidative stress. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SGLT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GLP-1 RAs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), show nephroprotective effects, while biomarkers like estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) enable early detection. Precision medicine holds promise for personalized treatment, but gaps in clinical practice and patient adherence persist, necessitating multidisciplinary approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1059_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T16:00:29Z","timestamp":1753286429000},"page":"33-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Advances"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Uma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Surabhi Institute of Medical Sciences, KNRUHS (Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences), Siddipet, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER) (Deemed to be University), Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugapriyan","family":"Sivaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER) (Deemed to be University), Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, (Affiliated Under The Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panneerselvam","family":"Periasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Government Erode Medical College (Affiliated Under The Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University), Erode, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/kidneydial2030038","article-title":"The epidemiology of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"2","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney and Dialysis"},{"key":"R2-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61350-6","article-title":"Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"380","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"R3-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0409","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and the risk of bullous pemphigoid among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Douros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R4-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01467.x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of vildagliptin versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe renal impairment: A prospective 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Lukashevich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"R5-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.2999","article-title":"Complications in young adults with early-onset type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Hillier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R6-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R7-20260422","first-page":"S13","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2018","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R8-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369968","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1369968","article-title":"Association between lactate dehydrogenase and the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R9-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4567-5","article-title":"Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"61","author":"Colhoun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"R10-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0867","article-title":"Association between inflammatory markers and progression to kidney dysfunction: Examining different assessment windows in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R11-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2404","article-title":"Risk association of HbA1c variability with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: Prospective analysis of the Hong Kong diabetes registry","volume":"29","author":"Luk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1059_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:05:44Z","timestamp":1787760344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1059_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1059_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-23","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}