{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1789540707190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) laser, ozone therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and sodium hypochlorite against endodontic pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Standardized root canal models inoculated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were treated with Er: YAG laser, 5.25% NaOCl, ozone, or PDT with methylene blue. Microbial loads, treatment time, and depth of penetration were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Er: YAG laser demonstrated the highest efficacy against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by PDT. Effects on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were not statistically significant across treatments. Er: YAG achieved the greatest depth of penetration, while PDT required the longest application time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laser and photodynamic therapies show promise as alternatives to traditional chemical disinfection in endodontics, potentially improving treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to optimize these protocols for clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1116_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:09:48Z","timestamp":1735258188000},"page":"S3577-S3579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigations of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Different Disinfection Protocols Against Endodontic Pathogens in Root Canal Systems"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hitesh","family":"Chohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjana","family":"Khullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria H","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDS Student, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotirmayee","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameera","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Tooth Dental Clinic, Kottakal, Malappuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savadamoorthi Kamatchi","family":"Subramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00396.x","article-title":"Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: Why well-treated teeth can fail","volume":"34","author":"Siqueira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R2-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(07)80201-9","article-title":"Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesions: A long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study","volume":"16","author":"Nair","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R3-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02111.x","article-title":"Clinical antimicrobial efficacy of NiTi rotary instrumentation with NaOCl irrigation, final rinse with chlorhexidine and interappointment medication: A molecular study","volume":"46","author":"Paiva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R4-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00437.x","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis\u2013a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure","volume":"34","author":"Love","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R5-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.08.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of various root canal disinfection methods against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. 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