{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:13:27Z","timestamp":1793643207876,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurological condition that is much more common as people get older. It may start out early or late. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation, both of which contribute to the central nervous system\u2019s inflammatory state, are characteristics of AD. As opposed to this, periodontitis is a widespread oral infection brought on by Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. By releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines into the systemic circulation, periodontitis can be classified as a \u201clow-grade systemic disease.\u201d Periodontitis and AD are linked by inflammation, which is recognized to play a crucial part in both the disease processes. The current review sought to highlight the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are released during periodontal and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases in the pathophysiology of both conditions. It also addresses the puzzling relationship between AD and periodontitis, highlighting the etiology and potential ramifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1120_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T18:22:49Z","timestamp":1711563769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Highlighting the Effect of Pro-inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Nada","family":"Hashim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras-al-Khaimah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riham","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nallan CSK","family":"Chaitanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine and Radiology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed M.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakri","family":"Gismalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.159325","article-title":"Association between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"7","author":"Abbayya","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R2-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2453","article-title":"The influence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on periodontal disease progression:Prospective results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)","volume":"35","author":"Demmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12145","article-title":"Periodontitis prevalence in adults \u226565 years of age, in the USA","volume":"72","author":"Eke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"R4-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552491","article-title":"Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010:A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"93","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R5-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01464","article-title":"Impaired resolution of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease:A review","volume":"8","author":"Whittington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R6-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.381","article-title":"Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Brookmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R7-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E211","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.150309","article-title":"Forty-year trends in tooth loss among American adults with and without diabetes mellitus:An age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211037220","article-title":"Dementia and the risk of periodontitis:A population-based cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R9-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-022-00319-8","article-title":"I. 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