{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:37:00Z","timestamp":1786653420282,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use a cohort-based orthodontic analysis to examine the association between early childhood oral habits (such as mouth breathing, tongue thrusting, dummy use, and thumb sucking) and the occurrence, kind, and severity of developing malocclusions in a pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 2-year cohort study followed 220 children (ages 3\u20136) with full primary dentition and no orthodontic history. Examinations at baseline, 12, and 24 months assessed malocclusion, while caregiver questionnaires recorded oral habits. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, analyzed the impact of habits persisting over 3 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malocclusion prevalence rose from 37.7% to 48.2%. Dummy use past age 3 was linked to posterior crossbite (OR = 3.58), and thumb\/finger sucking past age 4 to anterior open bite (OR = 4.21). Tongue thrusting related to anterior open bite and mouth breathing to narrow maxilla and overjet. Duration and frequency predicted severity more than habit type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged oral habits greatly increase malocclusion risk. Stopping them before age 3 or 4 can prevent dentoalveolar changes and reduce future orthodontic needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1508_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:01:58Z","timestamp":1768226518000},"page":"S185-S187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation Between Early Childhood Oral Habits and Developing Malocclusions: A Pediatric-Orthodontic Cohort Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Vijender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangjam James","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry, Trust Dentz Dental Clinic, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinjal","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Management, HNGU, Patan, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashim","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Dento Derma Multispecility Clinic, Silchar Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshni","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Govt. Dental College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teena","family":"Purohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260310","article-title":"Contemporary orthodontics","author":"Proffit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"key":"R2-20260310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/9.1.279","article-title":"The effect of finger-sucking on the occlusion: A review","volume":"9","author":"Larsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R3-20260310","article-title":"Effects of pacifier cessation on dental development: A longitudinal pediatric study","author":"Warren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R4-20260310","article-title":"Mouth-breathing children: Craniofacial characteristics and the implications for orthodontic treatment","author":"Harari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R5-20260310","article-title":"Tongue posture and dental occlusion in pediatric patients: A clinical study","author":"Harari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R6-20260310","first-page":"305","article-title":"Non-nutritive sucking habits and their effects on occlusion in the deciduous dentition in children","volume":"17","author":"Correia-Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R7-20260310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0013","article-title":"Pacifier-sucking habit duration and frequency on occlusal and myofunctional alterations in preschool children","volume":"29","author":"Nihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R8-20260310","article-title":"Pacifier use and pediatric malocclusion outcomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"R9-20260310","first-page":"592","article-title":"The association between pacifiers, digit sucking, and posterior crossbite","volume":"107","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1508_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:37:02Z","timestamp":1786649822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1508_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1508_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}