{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:10:27Z","timestamp":1783955427073,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer and colon cancer are critical problems today that require effective and safe treatment. Long-term use of synthetic drugs can cause high side effects; therefore, natural-based chemopreventive agents are an option. Melinjo seeds are known for their resveratrol compounds which have been proven as chemopreventive agents. Meanwhile, catechins are polyphenols that are effective as antioxidants and anticancer agents. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds on breast and colon cancer cells based on the activity of catechin compounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is experimental. Extraction was carried out by soxhletation method, followed by fractionation using ethanol and ethyl acetate (1:1, v\/v). Identification of catechin in the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cytotoxic testing was carried out\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      by determining the IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of fractions against breast (MCF-7) and colon (CACO-2) cancer cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of the study showed that the IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds against MCF-7 and CACO-2 cells was 111.28 and 218.26 ppm, respectively. HPLC elution showed that the standard catechin had a retention time of 7.160 min. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed a retention time close to 7.263, 7.130, and 6.873 min. The concentration of catechin in the ethyl fraction of melinjo seeds was 65.05 ppm. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds contained catechins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proves that the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds has a moderate cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast and CACO-2 colon cancer cells. It is suggested that catechins may play a role in this ytotoxic effect. Further research is needed to determine the cellular action of catechins that supports their cytotoxic effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1651_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:02:40Z","timestamp":1783720960000},"page":"169-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytotoxicity Test of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Gnetum gnemon L. 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