{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:30Z","timestamp":1787840490394,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Smoking and alcohol use are major risk factors for oral cancer, one of the most common diseases in the world. To better understand their involvement in tumor development, this\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n research assesses the individual and combined effects of alcohol and smoking on the growth of oral cancer cells.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Under normal circumstances, a human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-25) was cultivated. The cells were treated with ethanol (1%, 5%, and 10%) to mimic alcohol intake and nicotine (10 \u03bcM, 20 \u03bcM) to mimic smoking. Additionally, a combination of the two drugs was explored. The MTT test was used to measure cell growth at 24, 48, and 72 hours. One hundred percent proliferation was chosen as the arbitrary control value. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to assess morphological changes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Ethanol at 10% enhanced cell proliferation by 25% at 48 hours (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), whereas nicotine at 20 \u03bcM boosted cell proliferation by 30% at 72 hours compared to control (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). At 72 hours, there was a 50% increase in proliferation (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) due to the synergistic action of 20 \u03bcM nicotine and 10% ethanol. Significant morphological alterations, including increased cellular spreading and clumping, which are suggestive of aggressive behavior, were seen in cells treated to the mixture using phase-contrast microscopy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n This\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n research shows that drinking and smoking both separately and together promote the growth of oral cancer cells. These results highlight the need for public health initiatives to lower these risk factors and recommend further research to examine the biological processes behind them.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1736_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:01:34Z","timestamp":1750208494000},"page":"S1322-S1324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro Study on the Effect of Smoking and Alcohol on the Proliferation of Oral Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hi-tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KMCT Dental College, Manassery, Calicut, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiren H.","family":"Patadiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"My Dental Southbridge, Southbridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil K.","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hi-tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey Government Medical College and Hospital, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naina","family":"Pattnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Science, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Ghadage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics. 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 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