{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:14Z","timestamp":1787840474238,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Periodontal diseases are primarily caused by pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Mouth rinses are often recommended as adjuncts to mechanical oral hygiene measures to control microbial load. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of various mouth rinses on periodontal pathogens\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n An\n in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial effects of three commercially available mouth rinses: chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.07%), and herbal-based mouth rinse. Standard strains of\n Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n were used. The agar diffusion method was employed to measure the zones of inhibition for each mouth rinse. All tests were conducted in triplicate, and the mean zone of inhibition was calculated for each mouth rinse against the pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Chlorhexidine gluconate demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy, with mean zones of inhibition of 22 mm, 20 mm, and 18 mm against\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n P. intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n , respectively. Cetylpyridinium chloride showed moderate efficacy, with mean zones of inhibition of 16 mm, 14 mm, and 13 mm, respectively. The herbal-based mouth rinse exhibited the least efficacy, with mean zones of inhibition of 10 mm, 9 mm, and 8 mm, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Chlorhexidine gluconate remains the gold standard among the tested mouth rinses for its superior antimicrobial properties against periodontal pathogens. Cetylpyridinium chloride and herbal-based mouth rinses, while effective to a lesser extent, can still serve as alternative options for maintaining oral hygiene. Further\n in-vivo<\/jats:italic>\n studies are recommended to confirm these findings and evaluate their clinical significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_201_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:00:43Z","timestamp":1750208443000},"page":"S1637-S1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Mouth Rinses on Periodontal Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tajinder Pal Singh","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Implantology, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, MM DU, Mullana - Ambala, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Shania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Clinical Practitioner, 1071 sector 6, UE, Karnal, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Implantology, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, MM DU, Mullana - Ambala, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Implantology, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, MM DU, Mullana - Ambala, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Chandana","family":"Gonabhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Implantology, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Sai Lakshmi","family":"Swathi Koutha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01434.x","article-title":"Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials","volume":"13","author":"Addy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R2-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x","article-title":"Chlorhexidine:Is it still the gold standard?","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"R3-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1986.0118","article-title":"A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry","volume":"112","author":"Fardal","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R4-20250618","first-page":"3","article-title":"Antiplaque and anti-gingivitis agents:Mouthrinses","volume":"1","author":"Sanz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dent Rev"},{"key":"R5-20250618","first-page":"119","article-title":"Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes","volume":"79","author":"Flotra","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"R6-20250618","first-page":"134","article-title":"Effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate-containing mouth rinse on oral bacterial community development","volume":"30","author":"McBain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R7-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0110","article-title":"A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents","volume":"137","author":"Gunsolley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R8-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027003157.x","article-title":"Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels","volume":"27","author":"Fine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R9-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2471","article-title":"Use of phytotherapy in dentistry","volume":"22","author":"Groppo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R10-20250618","first-page":"61","article-title":"Role of medicinal plants in oral health care","volume":"4","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Res Dent"},{"key":"R11-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2007000300010","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens","volume":"40","author":"Botelho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"R12-20250618","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp. in the oral cavity and their relevance to dental caries","volume":"65","author":"Souto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Odontol"},{"key":"R13-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity:A review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_201_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:23:32Z","timestamp":1787837012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_201_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_201_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}