{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:30:57Z","timestamp":1787070657157,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health status in subjects having dual habits of smoking and gutkha chewing among the male population of Kanpur City, Central Uttar Pradesh (UP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total number of 500 male subjects were included, divided into three study groups: group I\u2014164 subjects with a dual habit of smoking and gutkha chewing, group II\u2014 170 gutkha chewers, and group III\u2014166 smokers. Case history, clinical examination, and the following clinical parameters were recorded\u2014oral hygiene index (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), bleeding index, clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession, and furcation involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, the proportion of severe CAL was maximum in dual habit (78%) followed by smokers (70.5%) and then gutkha chewers (40.0%). A significant difference was observed in the proportion of CAL status between smokers, gutkha, and dual habit cases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The result revealed that the dual habit group had more severe periodontal disease than smokers and gutkha chewers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, it was concluded that periodontal health status was found to be very poor in both smokers and gutkha chewers, but the subjects in the dual habit group were found to have extremely poor periodontal health status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_246_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T02:07:37Z","timestamp":1689127657000},"page":"S1020-S1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Periodontal Health Status among the Male Adult Population with a Dual Habit of Smoking and Gutkha Chewing: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"BJ Janardhana","family":"Amaranath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shravan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashwat","family":"Pratik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Mithila Minority Dental College, Darbhanga, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290815.x","article-title":"Effects of smoking on periodontal tissue","volume":"29","author":"Calsina","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontal"},{"key":"R2-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12639","article-title":"Host genetics role 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existing quitting patterns in urban population of Jamnagar, Gujarat","volume":"35","author":"Joshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R10-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_245_19","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries among smoking and smokeless tobacco users in Uttar Pradesh","volume":"45","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R11-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.4.tb03401.x","article-title":"Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status","volume":"65","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"R12-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01684.x","article-title":"Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in severe chronic periodontitis","volume":"38","author":"Tymkiw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J 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