{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:36:02Z","timestamp":1787841362845,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about the correlation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heroin smoking. Heroin smoking is a recent underinvestigated problem. The goal of this study is to study the impact of heroin smoking among COPD patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a descriptive clinical study. A combination of self-reporting questionnaires and data extraction tools were used to collect information during baseline tests, interviews, and follow-ups. Patients' medical, clinical, and socioeconomic history were recorded. Participants were recruited using random sampling from multiple centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 1034 COPD patients, heroin smokers represented the vast majority of addiction cases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 133). Heroin smokers were leaner than non-addicts (19.78 \u00b1 4.07 and 24.01 \u00b1 5.6, respectively). The most common type of comorbidities among heroin smokers was emphysema (27%). Both the forced expiratory volume (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\/forced vital capacity ratio and FEV1% predicted were lower among heroin smokers than non-addicts (52.79 \u00b1 12.71 and 48.54 \u00b1 14.38, respectively). The majority of heroin smokers (55%) had advanced COPD, and at least 15% of heroin smokers suffered from frequent respiratory failure. The mean \u00b1 SD for COPD onset age among heroin smokers was 44.23 \u00b1 5.72, and it showed a statistically significant correlation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heroin smoking might be linked to the onset of COPD. Heroin smokers showed a significantrespiratory impairment compared to tobacco smokers of the same age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_353_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T06:05:28Z","timestamp":1675836328000},"page":"S1215-S1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Association between Chronic Heroin Smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Naoras","family":"Bitar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugore 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer Hayat","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugore 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Azhar Syed","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugore 11800, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Jln Tun Hamdan Sheikh Tahir, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfhan Ali Bin Hyder","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugore 11800, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Chest Department, Penang General Hospital, Georgetown 10990, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfanullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugore 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60647-X","article-title":"Early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Definition, assessment, and prevention","volume":"385","author":"Rennard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_126_19","article-title":"Osteoporosis among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, severity, and therapeutic outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Bitar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"R7-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07115-3","article-title":"The discovery of heroin","volume":"352","author":"Sneader","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R10-20250920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-6-8","article-title":"Can abuse deterrent formulations make a difference? 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