{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:27:44Z","timestamp":1791606464351,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Inflammatory periodontal disease exists as a chronic condition in which multiple elements including smoking act to affect. Noninvasive salivary biomarkers represent tools that professionals now utilize to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A sample of 100 individuals with an equal number of smokers (50) and nonsmokers (50) having chronic periodontitis participated in the study. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method examined saliva biomarkers, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) from obtained saliva specimens. The clinical measurements included probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) together with bleeding on probing. The statistical evaluation used SPSS software 22.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) along with\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05 as the critical significance threshold.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The saliva of smokers contained elevated levels of IL-1\u03b2 (225.6 \u00b1 30.4 pg\/mL) and TNF-\u03b1 (184.3 \u00b1 22.1 pg\/mL) as well as MMP-8 (310.5 \u00b1 45.7 ng\/mL) in comparison to nonsmokers whose levels were IL-1\u03b2: 158.2 \u00b1 25.6 pg\/mL, TNF-\u03b1: 120.8 \u00b1 18.4 pg\/mL, MMP-8: 215.6 \u00b1 38.2 ng\/mL. Results indicated that smokers demonstrated poorer clinical characteristics since their PPD measurements averaged 4.9 \u00b1 0.8 mm and their CAL levels reached 5.2 \u00b1 1.1 mm, which exceeded the values of nonsmokers (PPD: 3.6 \u00b1 0.7 mm, CAL: 4.0 \u00b1 0.9 mm) at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Periodontal disease among smokers produces substantially higher concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and MMP-8 than nonsmoking adults do. The combination of biomarkers acts as a highly effective tool to evaluate the severity of periodontal diseases among risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_477_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:01:36Z","timestamp":1750208496000},"page":"S1820-S1822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Salivary Biomarkers as Predictors of Periodontal Disease Severity in Smokers and Nonsmokers"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ravindranath","family":"Dhulipalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaya Krishna Prasad","family":"Vudathaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospitalist, Columbus Regional Hospital, Columbus, Indiana, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruparani","family":"Bodduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha Bharathi","family":"Nadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asritha","family":"Kondapaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Under Graduate Student, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramanarayana","family":"Boyapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00457.x","article-title":"Risk factors for periodontal disease","volume":"62","author":"Genco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"R3-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease","volume":"92","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"R4-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00163.x","article-title":"The influence of smoking on host responses in periodontal infections","volume":"43","author":"Ryder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"R5-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2022-0153","article-title":"Predictive salivary biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontal diseases\u2013current and future developments","volume":"48","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J Biochemistry"},{"key":"R6-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080480","article-title":"Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease","volume":"80","author":"Ramseier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R7-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01563.x","article-title":"Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis","volume":"37","author":"Gursoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R8-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12038","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers of oral health: A cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_477_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:22:53Z","timestamp":1787836973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_477_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_477_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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