{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:09:11Z","timestamp":1788239351889,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a blue-green algae rich in essential nutrients, has garnered significant attention for its potential health benefits, particularly its role in liver detoxification and the elimination of heavy metals. This review explores the detoxifying effects of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , focusing on its ability to enhance liver health and facilitate the removal of toxic metals from the body.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    contains bioactive compounds such as phycocyanin, chlorophyll, and various antioxidants, which have been shown to possess hepatoprotective properties. Studies highlight\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spirulina\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                    capacity to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver enzyme markers associated with liver damage. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spirulina\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                    chelating agents support the binding and excretion of heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, from the body. The synergistic effects of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    on liver function and detoxification processes present a promising avenue for alternative therapeutic interventions in mitigating the harmful effects of environmental pollutants and supporting liver health. This review synthesizes current research findings, providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    may aid in detoxification and liver protection, while also highlighting the need for further clinical studies to validate these therapeutic claims.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1743654228000},"page":"S43-S45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Detoxifying Effects of Spirulina in Promoting Liver Health and Heavy Metal Elimination \u2013 A Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sunil Namdeo","family":"Thitame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean, School of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini Ashok","family":"Aher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean, School of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viddyasagar","family":"Mopagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, RDC, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250513","first-page":"e37","article-title":"Spirulina: A superfood for health","volume":"9","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"R2-20250513","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental heavy metals and their effects on human health","volume":"185","author":"Soni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"R3-20250513","first-page":"345","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the protective role of Spirulina in environmental stress","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"R4-20250513","first-page":"574","article-title":"Spirulina as a potential heavy metal detoxifier: In vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"240","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"R5-20250513","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Spirulina as a potential detoxifier: In vitro and in vivo studies on its role in reducing heavy metal toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol"},{"key":"R6-20250513","first-page":"12","article-title":"The role of cysteine in heavy metal detoxification: Implications for Spirulina's role in detoxification","volume":"152","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"R7-20250513","first-page":"111480","article-title":"Protective effects of Spirulina against cadmium-induced toxicity in rats","volume":"208","author":"Gholamian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"R8-20250513","first-page":"479","article-title":"Spirulina and its liver-protective mechanisms","volume":"78","author":"Niemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutritional Reviews"},{"key":"R9-20250513","first-page":"200","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Spirulina as a novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"112","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R10-20250513","first-page":"2551","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging properties of Spirulina","volume":"97","author":"Farvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"R11-20250513","first-page":"282","article-title":"Protective effects of Spirulina on liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats","volume":"21","author":"Behfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"R12-20250513","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina supplementation on liver function in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:54:56Z","timestamp":1786647296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}