{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:34Z","timestamp":1787840494032,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inclusion of an anti-inflammatory agent shall be inevitable in a combinatorial approach toward treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the best among the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents, namely, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs is not known due to the lack of comparative studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was intended to compare the efficacy of three classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in SCI by estimating the relevant cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sprague Dawley rats subjected to contusion SCI were treated with methylprednisolone (steroid), or diclofenac (general COX-inhibitor), or meloxicam (selective COX-2 inhibitor). After three days of postlesion, the efficacy of the drugs was assessed by quantifying the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1) \u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2), and COX-2 through Western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical analysis used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance to determine statistical significance, and post-hoc analysis was performed using Tukey\u2019s test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1) upregulated by SCI were reduced only by meloxicam treatment. Upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-\u03b2) observed in injury was unaffected by methylprednisolone and diclofenac but was downregulated in the meloxicam group although statistically not significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a mild increase in the levels of TGF-\u03b2, meloxicam outperforms the other two drugs tested. Reduced anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in the meloxicam treatment were the only concern. Spinal inflammation may be more resilient and further studies are required to formulate a consistent anti-inflammatory therapy to treat contusion SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_604_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:02:14Z","timestamp":1750208534000},"page":"S1877-S1881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Steroids, COX-2 Selective, and Nonselective NSAIDs in Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: An Experimental Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sreelakshmi Kokkatt","family":"Balachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krithika","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowbarnika Arul","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshaya Priya","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar","family":"Venkatachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ana.0000163199.10365.38","article-title":"Methylprednisolone inhibits production of interleukin-1? 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