{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:30:37Z","timestamp":1790875837173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis among undergraduate university students at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey of 301 participants who answered a questionnaire on their self-perceived halitosis was undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The response rate was 35% (301\/863). Of the total, 54.5% of participants reported that they had experienced halitosis. A majority of participants (61.4%) responded to having experienced an unpleasant bad taste in the morning when they woke up, with most participants (42.4%) stating that their breath was the worst early in the morning. A majority of respondents (59.6%) reported that they were aware of their condition. Only 27% of the respondents stated that they had admitted to having undergone an examination for bad breath from their dentist, and 22.9% of the respondents reported that they had undergone an examination for conditions associated with bad breath. The measures used to reduce the condition were evenly distributed, with approximately one-third using mouthwash (34.6%), gum\/mentos (38.3%), and toothpaste (27.2%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of self-perceived halitosis that was revealed in the current study is normal compare to others studies. It is unrelated to age and sex. Non-usage of dental floss, no use of mouthwash, and smoking, on the other hand, were shown to be associated with self-perceived halitosis. Furthermore, tongue cleaning was not linked to introspection halitosis. Halitosis may be also due to underlying systemic conditions. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the condition\u2019s prevalence and examine the relationship with other etiological variables with halitosis in our country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_680_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T02:07:24Z","timestamp":1689127644000},"page":"S575-S581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Halitosis among Undergraduate University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maha S.","family":"Mezied","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Al Bouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahad","family":"Al Omani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadeer","family":"Al Ramadhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Al Bootie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Restorative and Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Koppolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2009.00630.x","article-title":"Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland:A study comparing self-reported and clinical data","volume":"117","author":"Bornstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R2-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01478.x","article-title":"Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic","volume":"36","author":"Quirynen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R3-20240829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2016.06.001","article-title":"Self-Perceived halitosis and related factors among adults residing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 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