{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:12:39Z","timestamp":1783955559059,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Postoperative pain following cardiac surgery remains a major challenge that can delay recovery, increase opioid use, and hinder rehabilitation. This systematic review evaluated mixed methods evidence on pharmacological pain management strategies and their integration with nursing care in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar was conducted from database inception to December 2025 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Four mixed methods studies met the inclusion criteria. Pharmacological interventions included opioids, paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentinoids, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and multimodal analgesic regimens. These approaches were associated with reduced postoperative pain, 15\u201338% lower opioid consumption, shorter intensive care unit stays, and improved rehabilitation. Qualitative findings emphasized patients\u2019 concerns regarding opioid dependence and sedation while highlighting the importance of nurse-led education and individualized pain assessment. Overall, multimodal opioid-sparing analgesic strategies integrated with patient-centered nursing care appear to enhance postoperative recovery after cardiac surgery, although further high-quality mixed methods research is required to strengthen the evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_68_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:02:38Z","timestamp":1783720958000},"page":"157-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacological Strategies for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review of Clinical Efficacy, Opioid Consumption, Patient Experience, and Nursing Care"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saranya","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s College of Nursing, Karaikal, Puducherry, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (DU), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamala","family":"Kuppusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Nursing, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s College of Nursing, Karaikal, Puducherry, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (DU), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SanthoshKumar","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health (Psychiatric) Nursing, Amrita College of Nursing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2024.10.012","article-title":"Patient experience of pain management following cardiac surgery: A mixed methods study","volume":"26","author":"McDonall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"R2-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377960818806270","DOI":"10.1177\/2377960818806270","article-title":"Nurses'perception of a tailored web-based intervention for the self-management of pain after cardiac surgery","volume":"4","author":"Martorella","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"key":"R3-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.3175","article-title":"Acceptability of a web-based and tailored intervention for the self-management of pain after cardiac surgery: The perception of women and men","volume":"3","author":"Martorella","year":"2014","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"R4-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515114550441","article-title":"Pain characteristics and analgesic intake before and following cardiac surgery","volume":"15","author":"Bj\u00f8rnnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"R5-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2532359","article-title":"Management of analgesia in cardiac surgery","volume":"15","author":"Strumia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain management"},{"issue":"3","key":"R6-20260713","first-page":"85","article-title":"Multimodal Analgesia Strategies for Cardiac Surgery: A Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis."},{"key":"R7-20260713","first-page":"373","article-title":"Study of patient pain management after heart surgery","volume":"3","author":"Sattari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_68_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:00:55Z","timestamp":1783954855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_68_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_68_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}