{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:41:09Z","timestamp":1786653669408,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Direct composite restorations face abrupt temperature changes, varying pH, and surface deterioration in the oral environment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides visual and numerical data on surface roughness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates and compares the surface roughness of composite restorative materials after simulating oral conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three composite groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16 each) were tested. Group A: Microhybrid, Group B: Nanofilled, and Group C: Nanohybrid. Each group was divided into four subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4 each): distilled water (control), black coffee, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull. After thermocycling and immersion, surface roughness was measured using AFM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nanocomposites with uniform monomodal fillers showed the least surface disintegration and superior properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resin chemistry, including filler size and matrix composition, is crucial for composite properties and performance under function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_731_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:03:22Z","timestamp":1735257802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Different Composite Restorative Materials after Thermocycling and Prolonged Immersion in Common Beverages Using Atomic Force Microscopy\u2014In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali K.","family":"Kothari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riya","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay V.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaushal","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deep P.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/2321-4619.188233","article-title":"Effect of thermal cycling and microhardness on roughness of composite restorative materials","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Res Dent"},{"key":"R2-20250114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1179\/143307510X12820854748917","article-title":"Effect of three different acidic beverages on surface characteristics of composite resin restorative materials","volume":"14","author":"\u0130lday","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater Res Innov"},{"key":"R3-20250114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12063","article-title":"The effect of a modeling resin and thermocycling on the surface hardness, roughness, and color of different resin 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Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"R14-20250114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.32828\/mdj.v7i1.360","article-title":"The effect of Pepsi Cola beverage on surface roughness of two composite resins (in vitro study)","volume":"7","author":"Al-Taie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mustansiriya Dental Journal"},{"key":"R15-20250114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.173200","article-title":"Evaluation of surface roughness of different restorative composites after polishing using atomic force microscopy","volume":"19","author":"Kumari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied 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