{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:26:46Z","timestamp":1787840806083,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Estimation of skeletal maturation using radiographs is often used in clinical orthodontics as it is one the crucial factors in achieving a successful treatment outcome. In Orthodontics, we commonly use hand wrist radiographs, lateral cephalograms and sometimes orthopantomogram (OPG) as an objective diagnostic evaluation into the skeletal maturity of an individual. However, the techniques employed are subjective and account for inter-operator errors. With the advent of technology objective methods have been developed and documented in literature but have not gained much importance yet. This article aims at discussing the recent objective methods of bone age assessment in orthodontics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_766_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1756836020000},"page":"S2049-S2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Objective Assessment of Bone Age in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Prachi","family":"Gaonkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, NarsinhBhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kubavat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, NarsinhBhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Shenava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneet","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, NarsinhBhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmaya","family":"Hawaldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0941","article-title":"Automated bone age assessment using artificial intelligence:The future of bone age assessment","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"R2-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.926067","article-title":"The BoneXpert method for automated determination of skeletal maturity","volume":"28","author":"Thodberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"R3-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.18224","article-title":"Computerized bone age estimation using deep learning based program:Evaluation of the accuracy and efficiency","volume":"209","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R5-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.04.005","article-title":"Incorporated region detection and classification using deep convolutional networks for bone age assessment","volume":"97","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"R6-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.126896","article-title":"Cervical vertebral bone age in girls","volume":"122","author":"Mito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R7-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242007000400009","article-title":"New formula to objectively evaluate skeletal maturation using lateral cephalometric radiographs","volume":"21","author":"Caldas Mde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R8-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-5742.175704","article-title":"Evaluation of skeletal maturity in North Indian subjects using an objective method based on cervical vertebral bone age and assessment of its reliability as compared to hand wrist radiographic method","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Indian Orthod Soc"},{"key":"R9-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00338-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age","volume":"21","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"R10-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2319\/070111-425.1","article-title":"A semi-automated method for bone age assessment using cervical vertebral maturation","volume":"82","author":"Baptista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R11-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0295-8","article-title":"Usage and comparison of artificial intelligence algorithms for determination of growth and development by cervical vertebrae stages in orthodontics","volume":"20","author":"K\u00f6k","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"R12-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190441","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190441","article-title":"Cervical vertebral maturation assessment on lateral cephalometric radiographs using artificial intelligence:Comparison of machine learning classifier models","volume":"49","author":"Amasya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"R13-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122200","article-title":"Development of an artificial intelligence system for the automatic evaluation of cervical vertebral maturation status","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2)","key":"R14-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12514","article-title":"Prediction of hand-wrist maturation stages based on cervical vertebrae images using artificial intelligence","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"R15-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0269198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269198","article-title":"Fully automated determination of the cervical vertebrae maturation stages using deep learning with directional filters","volume":"17","author":"Atici","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R16-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3179619","article-title":"iCVM:An interpretable deep learning model for CVM assessment under label uncertainty","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"R17-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220070","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20220070","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-based automatic cervical vertebral maturation classification method","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"R18-20250930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.07.018","article-title":"Deep focus approach for accurate bone age estimation from lateral cephalogram","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"R19-20250930","first-page":"56","article-title":"Automatic determination of pubertal growth spurts based on the cervical vertebral maturation staging using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"12","author":"Khazaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J World Fed Orthod"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_766_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:29:19Z","timestamp":1787837359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_766_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_766_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-28","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}