{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:41:11Z","timestamp":1786653671116,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Irrigation is ideal in endodontic treatment as it helps in the removal of bacteria, softening of the organic structure, and then evacuation of debris in the root canal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study involved 60 extracted single-rooted human teeth, randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20) based on the irrigation protocol used: The three tested products were Group A, sodium hypochlorite 5. 25%; Group B, Chlorhexidine 2%; and finally, Group C, EDTA 17%. Both groups rated equal in terms of the root canal preparation they were put through. A microbiological technique, debris, and smear layer removal were employed to determine irrigation efficacy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used on the extracted roots. In this study, the analysis of variance and\n post<\/jats:italic>\n hoc<\/jats:italic>\n tests were used with a predetermined alpha level of (0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Comparing all the groups, Group A exhibited the best performance with Group B being the second best as seen with the mean log reduction of the bacterial load being 5. With 4.77 (\u00b10. 54), Group A had the highest mean log reduction, while Group B recorded a mean log reduction of 2 (\u00b10. 4). 54 (\u00b10. 36) and Group C had a mean log reduction of 3. 9 (\u00b10. 6). The SEM analysis for Group A was as follows: the cleanliness of samples was found to 85% in contrast to 70% in Group B and 50% in Group C (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Sodium hypochlorite 5. Twenty five percent was found to be the most effective Results showed that 25% is the most effective irrigation protocol in lowering bacterial count as well as in flushing out debris and smear layer from root canal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_841_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:08:40Z","timestamp":1735258120000},"page":"S3361-S3363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Study of Different Irrigation Protocols in Endodontic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Midhun","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, St Gregorios Dental College, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha V.","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Sankara Dental College, Varkala, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chintu","family":"Sundaresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh G.","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Yumnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Dental College, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer and Consultant in Endodontics, General Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.204","article-title":"Irrigation in endodontics","volume":"216","author":"Haapasalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"R2-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.09.014","article-title":"Root canal irrigants","volume":"32","author":"Zehnder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R3-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4477.2011.00334.x","article-title":"Optimizing single-visit disinfection with supplementary approaches:A quest for predictability","volume":"37","author":"Siqueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"key":"R4-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01540.x","article-title":"The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics","volume":"42","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R5-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.08.026","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the immediate and prolonged antimicrobial action of chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"99","author":"Dametto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R6-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2008.tb00354.x","article-title":"Sodium hypochlorite in endodontics:An update review","volume":"58","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"R7-20241227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200303000-00002","article-title":"A new solution for the removal of the smear layer","volume":"29","author":"Torabinejad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endod"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_841_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:40:49Z","timestamp":1786650049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_841_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_841_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-4879","0975-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-4879","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}