{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:22Z","timestamp":1787840482634,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol use and smoking have been shown to be substantial risk factors for oral cancer, a serious worldwide health problem. The growth of oral cancer cells is thought to be influenced by certain lifestyle choices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral squamous cell carcinoma, or SCC-25, cell lines were used in a carefully monitored\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      investigation. Three sets of cells were created: one for smoking exposure (treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at concentrations of 10 \u03bcg\/mL, 20 \u03bcg\/mL, and 50 \u03bcg\/mL), one for alcohol exposure (treated with ethanol at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%), and one for control (no exposure). There was also a combined exposure group that comprised both drinking and smoking. An MTT test was used to measure cell viability and proliferation rates at 24, 48, and 72 hours. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis to compare groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposure to ethanol and CSE dramatically decreased cell viability in a way that was dependent on both time and dosage. After 10 \u03bcg\/mL, 20 \u03bcg\/mL, and 50 \u03bcg\/mL, the smoking group\u2019s proliferation reduced by 25%, 35%, and 50% after 72 hours, respectively. At 1%, 5%, and 10% ethanol concentrations, the alcohol group also showed reductions of 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. With a 60% decrease in proliferation, the combined exposure group showed the strongest inhibition, suggesting a synergistic impact. Statistical significance was noted for every experimental group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both alcohol exposure and smoking significantly reduce the growth of oral cancer cells, and their combined effects are synergistic. These results highlight how important lifestyle changes are for managing and preventing oral cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_87_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:01:03Z","timestamp":1750208463000},"page":"S1279-S1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Study on the Effect of Smoking and Alcohol on the Proliferation of Oral Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Ismail","family":"Nagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Research Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahad Abdullah","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer Abdullah","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouq Hussain","family":"Albuhairan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Farid Bin Mohd","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral 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