{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:26:39Z","timestamp":1787840799062,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between caries risk and the 2D:4D ratio, a potential marker of prenatal hormone exposure, among children aged 5\u201312 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 250 children were examined. Caries indices decayed, missing and filled teeth\/decayed, extracted and filled teeth (DMFT\/deft) were recorded, and 2D:4D ratios were measured using a vernier caliper. Chi-square statistical analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between 2D:4D ratios and caries risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study revealed a higher prevalence of caries among children with a low 2D:4D ratio (&lt;1), suggesting elevated prenatal androgen levels. Specifically, 123 out of 147 individuals (83.67%) with a 2D:4D ratio less than 1 presented a high caries index, compared to 32 out of 103 individuals (31.07%) with a ratio equal to or greater than 1. Gender-specific differences were observed, with males exhibiting lower mean 2D:4D ratios than females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest a potential role for the 2D:4D ratio as a predictive marker for dental caries risk in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_946_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:05:39Z","timestamp":1738235139000},"page":"S4467-S4469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digit Ratio as Predictors of Dental Caries: A Study of the 2D:4D Relationship"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Ishwarya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanthakumari","family":"Ananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvabalaji","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekambareswaran","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Umamaheswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhumathy","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical University, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_151_18","article-title":"Hormonal fingerprints:A potential screening tool","volume":"10","author":"Issrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R2-20250130","first-page":"CM01","article-title":"2D:4D ratio and its implications in medicine","volume":"10","author":"Jeevanandam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R3-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.127607","article-title":"Hormonal fingerprints:A key to early diagnosis of caries","volume":"24","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R4-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2016.023","article-title":"Association between genetic taste sensitivity, 2D:4D ratio, dental caries prevalence, and salivary flow rate in 6\u201314 year old children:A cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent 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Dent"},{"key":"R8-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2016.09.003","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D)\u2013A forensic marker for sexual dimorphism in North Indian population","volume":"6","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"R9-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002","article-title":"2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol","volume":"77","author":"Lutchmaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"R10-20250130","first-page":"75","article-title":"Association of 2D:4D ratio (hormonal fingerprints) with dental caries and malocclusion among 18\u201325-year-old dental students","volume":"16","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oral Health Comm Dent"},{"key":"R11-20250130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3403","article-title":"Prevalence of Early Primary Teeth Loss in 5\u20139-year-old Schoolchildren in and around Melmaruvathur:A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"23","author":"Selvabalaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_946_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:29:13Z","timestamp":1787837353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_946_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 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