{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:42:48Z","timestamp":1793054568846,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndromes (HIESs) are very rare immunodeficiency syndromes with multisystem involvement, including immune system, skeleton, connective tissue, and dentition. HIES are characterized by the classic triad of high serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), recurrent staphylococcal cold skin abscess, and recurrent pneumonia with pneumatocele formation. Most cases of HIES are sporadic although can be inherited as autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits. A fundamental immunologic defect in HIES is not clearly elucidated but abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis due to decreased production or secretion of interferon \u03b3 has main role in the immunopathogenesis of syndrome, also distorted Th1\/Th2 cytokine profile toward a Th2 bias contributes to the impaired cellular immunity and a specific pattern of infection susceptibility as well as atopic-allergic constitution of syndrome. The ophthalmic manifestations of this disorder include conjunctivitis, keratitis, spontaneous corneal perforation, recurrent giant chalazia, extensive xanthelasma, tumors of the eyelid, strabismus, and bilateral keratoconus. The diagnosis of HIES is inconclusive, dependent on the evolution of a constellation of complex multisystemic symptoms and signs which develop over the years. Until time, no treatment modality is curative for basic defect in HIES, in terms of cytokines\/chemokines derangement. Of note, bone marrow transplant and a monoclonal anti-IgE (omalizumab) are hoped to be successful treatment in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.jrms_1050_16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T05:40:35Z","timestamp":1493185235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: Genetics, immunopathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment modalities"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Mehravaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mazloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Jahanbani-Ardakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Eye Research Center, Feiz Eye Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Isfahan Medical Students Research Center (IMSRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed-Hossein","family":"Abtahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Eye Research Center, Feiz Eye Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Isfahan Medical Students Research Center (IMSRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feiz Eye Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1086\/302547","article-title":"Genetic linkage of hyper-IgE syndrome to chromosome 4","volume":"65","author":"Grimbacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R2-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.10.022","article-title":"Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: Two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"DeWitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-20250827","first-page":"e23435","article-title":"STAT3 and the Hyper-IgE syndrome: Clinical presentation, genetic origin, pathogenesis, novel findings and remaining uncertainties","volume":"2","author":"Mogensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAKSTAT"},{"key":"R4-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4065\/84.1.16","article-title":"Incidence and temporal trends of primary immunodeficiency: A population-based cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R5-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903043400904","article-title":"Hyper-IgE syndrome with recurrent infections \u2013 An autosomal dominant multisystem disorder","volume":"340","author":"Grimbacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R6-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5039","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in hyper-IgE syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Chehimi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R7-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)90119-X","article-title":"Job's Syndrome. 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