{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:23:01Z","timestamp":1787840581580,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Reading disorder (RD) is one of the important complaints in children with learning disorders (LD) that is prevalent in 4% of children in the United States. Treating this disorder includes education of reading practices and treating psychological disorders, and there are no exact medications prescribed in these children. Memantine has been effective in treating memory problems in Alzheimer Dementia, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, autism disorder, and other psychological diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of memantine in improving RD in children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In this randomized clinical trial, 62 children, with RD in Pediatric Psychiatry Clinics of Noor and Ali-Asghar Hospital in Isfahan from 2015 to 2016, were participated. They were randomly assigned to two groups of equal number, one receiving education plus memantine and the other education plus placebo. RD was evaluated at the beginning, 1 and 3 months after intervention by Iranian standard reading and dyslexia test (Nama).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 7.55 (0.60) years. Most of the participants were boy (55%), most having parents in 36\u201345-year-old age group (52% and 48% for fathers and mothers, respectively), and also most parents in diploma and bachelor educational group (61% and 60% for fathers and mothers, respectively). There were statistical significant difference in trend of total score (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.034), word chain (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), rhyming (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), text comprehension (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), and letter fluency (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002), subscale between two groups. However, the difference of time trend between two groups was not significant in word reading (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.14), word comprehension (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.06), phoneme deletion (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.12), reading nonwords (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.32), and category fluency (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.06).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Adding memantine to educational practices is effective in improving RD in school-age children with LD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T02:16:08Z","timestamp":1516673768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of the effect of Memantine therapy on the treatment of dyslexia in children"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Karahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rezayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Mahaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250827","first-page":"115","article-title":"A Comparative study on writing skills achievement in 1st grade elementary students with and without attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"8","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q Educ Psychol"},{"key":"R3-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400205","article-title":"Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders","volume":"24","author":"Cantwell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R4-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450080084036","article-title":"Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study","volume":"264","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R5-20250827","first-page":"718","article-title":"The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of dyslexia","volume":"107","author":"Schulte-K\u00f6rne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"R6-20250827","article-title":"Learning Disabilities: From Identification to Intervention","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007"},{"key":"R7-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.10.002","article-title":"Methylphenidate improves reading performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid dyslexia: An unblinded clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Keulers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R8-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198812000-00008","article-title":"The failure of antimotion sickness medication to improve reading in developmental dyslexia: Results of a randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"Fagan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R9-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663612","article-title":"A new chemotherapeutic investigation: Piracetam effects on dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Chase","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"R10-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1170","article-title":"NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation","volume":"290","author":"Shimizu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R11-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013128","article-title":"Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease","volume":"348","author":"Reisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R13-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0807-3","article-title":"Open-label memantine in fragile X syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"R14-20250827","first-page":"103","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of neurofeedbeck and Fernald's multivariate method on the intelligence of children with reading disorder","volume":"2","author":"Fatollahpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R15-20250827","first-page":"97","article-title":"The study of development of word fluency and conceptual cue task in children with Persian language","volume":"25","author":"Karmi Nouri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Educ Innov"},{"key":"R16-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/074193259701800402","article-title":"Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996","volume":"18","author":"Mastropieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remedial Spec Educ"},{"key":"R17-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00257973","article-title":"Effects of instruction on beginning reading skills in children at risk for reading disability","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"R18-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1207\/SLDRP1504_2","article-title":"Effects of a reading fluency intervention for middle schoolers with specific learning disabilities","volume":"15","author":"Mercer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"R19-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-004-1072-x","article-title":"Making the case for early identification and intervention for young children at risk for learning disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Steele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"key":"R20-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2307\/30035516","article-title":"Learning disabilities and young children: Identification and intervention","volume":"30","author":"Gartland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Q"},{"key":"R21-20250827","first-page":"379","article-title":"A Study on phonological progressing model for reading in dyslexic boys students","volume":"18","author":"Mikaeili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Except Child"},{"key":"R22-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394259274","article-title":"Dyslexia: A Practitioner's Handbook","author":"Reid","year":"2016"},{"key":"R23-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325164","article-title":"Memantine in Alzheimer's disease: Experience in an Alzheimer's disease assessment unit","volume":"24","author":"Sinforiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"R24-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300202","article-title":"Neuropsychological intervention in dyslexia: Two studies on British pupils","volume":"33","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"R25-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.44","article-title":"Visuospatial dysfunction and problem solving in Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Cronin-Golomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"R26-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v10n01_04","article-title":"The neurophysiology of dyslexia: A selective review with implications for neurofeedback remediation and results of treatment in twelve consecutive patients","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurother"},{"key":"R27-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.009","article-title":"Cognitive levels of performance account for hemispheric lateralisation effects in dyslexic and normally reading children","volume":"53","author":"Heim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R28-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190033001","article-title":"Treating autistic spectrum disorders in children: Utility of the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine tartrate","volume":"19","author":"Chez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R29-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-21-54","article-title":"Memantine-induced speech problems in two patients with autistic disorder","volume":"21","author":"Alaghband-Rad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"R30-20250827","article-title":"Strategies for improving accuracy and attention in primary school children","author":"Mahmoudpour","year":"2010"},{"key":"R31-20250827","article-title":"Reading disorder treatment","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2006"},{"key":"R32-20250827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302611","article-title":"Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: An observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability","volume":"22","author":"Chez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R33-20250827","article-title":"Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","author":"Sadock","year":"2017"},{"key":"R34-20250827","first-page":"976","article-title":"Topiramate augmentation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Afshar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01222967-201722000-00137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:25:24Z","timestamp":1787837124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01222967-201722000-00137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_17","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-1995","1735-7136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-1995","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-7136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-04-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-10-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}