{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:41:29Z","timestamp":1786653689573,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate retinal microvasculature and choroidal thickness in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-one eyes from 41 patients diagnosed with PD and 41 eyes of 41 healthy subjects underwent retinal and choroidal assessment using swept source DRI Triton OCT (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Macular perfusion parameters, including superficial and deep foveal avascular zones (FAZs and FAZd, respectively), superficial capillary plexus (vascular density [VDs]), deep capillary plexus (VDd), and choriocapillaris (VDc), were compared with healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The central sectors of the VDs, VDd, and VDc measurements (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001, respectively) and the superior sectors of VDs and VDc (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001, respectively) were found to be significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. FAZs and FAZd values were found to be decreased significantly in PD patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001, respectively). Choroidal thickness was significantly reduced (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). Central macular thickness measurement did not differ between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). In the multivariate regression model, VDs superior, FAZs, and choroidal thickness variables were determined to have a significant and independent effect in differentiating patients with PD from the individuals in the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD seems to affect macular and choroidal microcirculation. The reduced choroidal thickness and increased central sectors of the VDs, VDd, and VDc measurements may provide disease activity information. However, more comprehensive studies on OCTA demonstrating clinical utility in PD are needed to support our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T04:00:08Z","timestamp":1752638408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of retinal blood flow changes in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: An optical coherence tomography angiography study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Serhat","family":"Eker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Isparta Yalva\u00e7 State Hospital, Isparta, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalcin","family":"Karakucuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Ophthalmology Clinic, \u00c7agin Eye Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haluk","family":"Gumus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevde","family":"Tekneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugur","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Ophthalmology Clinic, Dunyagoz Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R2-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23891","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"26","author":"Archibald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R4-20250716","first-page":"908306","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"R5-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.46547","article-title":"Tear osmolarity, break-up time and Schirmer\u2019s scores in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc Sar\u0131","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2019.03.006","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight","volume":"140","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"R7-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902100108","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons in the human retina","volume":"210","author":"Frederick","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"R8-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.106","article-title":"Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease","volume":"127","author":"Hajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085718","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in Parkinson disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R10-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0934-y","article-title":"Functional and morphological assessment of ocular structures and follow-up of patients with early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Hasanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.06.009","article-title":"The role of optical coherence tomography in Parkinsonism: A critical review","volume":"403","author":"Mailankody","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R12-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.023","article-title":"Retinal layers in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"64","author":"Chrysou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R13-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.07.004","article-title":"Analysis of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell \u2013 Inner plexiform layer by optical coherence tomography in Parkinson\u2019s patients","volume":"31","author":"Ucak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R14-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2017.1307423","article-title":"Evaluation of choroidal and retinal thickness changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"33","author":"Moschos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12757","article-title":"Detection of retinal changes in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease using high-resolution optical coherence tomography and heidelberg retina tomography","volume":"93","author":"Bittersohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20250716","first-page":"103","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography findings in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease -retinal changes in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"58","author":"Bayram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"R17-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12809","article-title":"The choroid and lamina cribrosa is affected in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography study","volume":"94","author":"Eraslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20250716","first-page":"2515841420968685","article-title":"OCTA in neurodegenerative optic neuropathies: Emerging biomarkers at the eye-brain interface","volume":"12","author":"Asanad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R19-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S193026","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in neurodegenerative diseases: A review","volume":"12","author":"Tsokolas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"R20-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061706","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"9","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R21-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957700","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.957700","article-title":"Evaluation of retina and microvascular changes in the patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R22-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730","article-title":"Characterization of retinal microvascular and choroidal structural changes in Parkinson disease","volume":"139","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23230","article-title":"Retinal microvascular impairment in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Kwapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R24-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533375","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.533375","article-title":"Retinal thickness and microvascular pattern in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Rascun\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R25-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02483-2","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography measurements in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Salehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R26-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.17925\/EOR.2016.10.01.39","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography-a general view","volume":"10","author":"Turgut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Ophthalmic Rev"},{"key":"R27-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000314478","article-title":"Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Reichmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"R29-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090112","article-title":"Unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale characteristics and structure. The cooperative multicentric group","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R30-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.07.002","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography: A comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications","volume":"60","author":"Kashani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R31-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-017-0068-9","article-title":"Impact of image quality on OCT angiography based quantitative measurements","volume":"3","author":"Al-Sheikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"R32-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","article-title":"The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R33-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq377","article-title":"Arterial spin labelling reveals an abnormal cerebral perfusion pattern in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"134","author":"Melzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R34-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0411-8","article-title":"Regional CBF changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The importance of functional neuroimaging analyses","volume":"34","author":"Amorim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"R35-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.033","article-title":"Cortical hypoperfusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease assessed using arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI","volume":"59","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Seara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R36-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2012.00628.x","article-title":"Vascular degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"R37-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84862-x","article-title":"Applicability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Lauermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R38-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0873-7","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter obtained by optical coherence tomography is spared in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Gulmez Sevim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R39-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01054-z","article-title":"Choroid and choriocapillaris changes in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease: A swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography-based cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"R40-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1933054","article-title":"Retinal flow density changes in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease investigated by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"R41-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00480-6","article-title":"Central retinal microvasculature damage is associated with orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"R42-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1370116","article-title":"Retinal and choroidal changes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease detected by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"43","author":"Satue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"R43-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12805","article-title":"Rasagiline delays retinal degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa via modulation of Bax\/Bcl-2 expression","volume":"24","author":"Garcia-Delgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R44-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02729-2","article-title":"Protective effects of selegiline and desmethylselegiline against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced rat retinal damage","volume":"458","author":"Takahata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R45-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000338","article-title":"Effects of levodopa on retina in Parkinson disease","volume":"24","author":"Sen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R46-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177163","article-title":"Comparison of peripapillary choroidal thickness between healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R47-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132039","article-title":"Choroidal thinning as a new finding in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"40","author":"Gharbiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R48-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12906","article-title":"Dopamine receptors \u2013 IUPHAR review 13","volume":"172","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R49-20250716","first-page":"2473","article-title":"Decreased dopamine in the retinas of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Harnois","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R50-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-2187-3-14","article-title":"The neurotransmitter dopamine modulates vascular permeability in the endothelium","volume":"3","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Signal"},{"key":"R51-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811698","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.811698","article-title":"Impaired cerebral autoregulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An orthostatic hypotension analysis","volume":"13","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R52-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12338","article-title":"Patients with Parkinson disease present high ambulatory blood pressure variability","volume":"37","author":"Kanegusuku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"R53-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-140454","article-title":"String vessel formation is increased in the brain of Parkinson disease","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"R54-20250716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006157","article-title":"Retinal thinning associates with nigral dopaminergic loss in de novo Parkinson disease","volume":"91","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:41:02Z","timestamp":1786650062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jrms.jrms_250_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-1995","1735-7136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-1995","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-7136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}