{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:17:24Z","timestamp":1787764644752,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is hypothesized that increased inflammatory markers in keratoconus (KC) may be one of the causes of corneal damage. The aim of our study was to the measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-6 (IL)-6 in tear of patients with KC and investigate their relationship with the severity of KC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study was performed on KC patients and healthy controls with a case-control setting. Tear levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 were measured after collecting the tears from the tear lake using a filter paper via Schirmer I method without anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-one KC patients (mean age 29.45 \u00b1 5.06 years) and 85 controls (mean age 28.01 \u00b1 5.14 years) were enrolled. The mean levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 were 26.77 \u00b1 8.16, and 34.58 \u00b1 9.82 pg\/ml in the healthy group and 103.22 \u00b1 51.94, and 183.76 \u00b1 54.61 pg\/ml in the KC group, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). There was a significant relationship between the severity of the KC and the mean levels of IL-6 TNF-\u03b1 in the case group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicated that the mean levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 are significantly higher in KC than the healthy group, and the disease severity was significantly associated with TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.jrms_35_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T01:41:22Z","timestamp":1690854082000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 levels in tear film of Keratoconus patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Peyman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Namgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awat","family":"Feizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazdak Ganjalikhani","family":"Hakemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh Hosseini","family":"Nasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Pourazizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1039-1","article-title":"A review of imaging modalities for detecting early keratoconus","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R2-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200212-03","article-title":"A systematic review of subclinical keratoconus and forme fruste keratoconus","volume":"36","author":"Henriquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"R3-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66442-7","article-title":"Characterization of tear immunoglobulins in 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disorder?","volume":"29","author":"Galvis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R16-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-014-9971-3","article-title":"Tear film inflammatory mediators in patients with keratoconus","volume":"35","author":"Sorkhabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184628","article-title":"Oxidative stress induces dysregulated autophagy in corneal epithelium of keratoconus patients","volume":"12","author":"Shetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R18-75-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.05.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of keratoconus: The intriguing therapeutic potential of prolactin-inducible protein","volume":"67","author":"Sharif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye 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