{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:32:06Z","timestamp":1787776326130,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irrational use of antimicrobials is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance, exacerbated by dispensing antibiotics without a prescription. Our previous study suggested this was a problem in the Republic of Srpska despite legislation. Since then, a number of activities have been initiated. Consequently, the study aimed to ascertain whether these multiple initiatives had reduced this.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients visiting all community pharmacies in the Republic from October 2014 to July 2015 presenting with symptoms typical of an acute, viral, and mostly uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection, with results compared to the previous study. If an antibiotic was suggested, the maximum allowance was \u20ac3\/pack.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-medication with antibiotics significantly decreased from 58% to 18.5% of pharmacies. In both studies, most patients were offered over-the-counter medication. The most common reason for not dispensing an antibiotic was \u201cantibiotics can be dispensed with a prescription only.\u201d The penicillins were the most dispensed antibiotic. Fewer patients than the previous study were given instructions about antibiotic use and no discussion on their side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While encouraging that self-medication decreased significantly, 18.5% were disappointing given recent initiatives. Fewer instructions about antibiotics if an antibiotic was dispensed were also disappointing. This suggests the need for even stronger enforcement of the laws as well as further training of pharmacy personnel to ensure the future appropriate use of medicines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.jrpp_17_12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:25:05Z","timestamp":1496276705000},"page":"120-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Initiatives to Reduce Nonprescription Sales and Dispensing of Antibiotics: Findings and Implications"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Vanda","family":"Markovi\u0107-Pekovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Social Pharmacy, University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Grubi\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Insurance Fund of Republika Srpska, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanita","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubica","family":"Bojani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1025057","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Md Rezal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"R3-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2016.02.010","article-title":"A systematic review in select countries of the role of the pharmacist in consultations and sales of non-prescription medicines in community pharmacy","volume":"13","author":"van Eikenhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"R4-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2015.03.002","article-title":"General sale of non-prescription medicinal products: Comparing legislation in two European countries","volume":"12","author":"Lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"R5-20250525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1151353","article-title":"on behalf of ESGAP (the ESCMID European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Antibiotic Policies). 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