{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:50:09Z","timestamp":1787071809308,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to chronic ulcerative wounds. The low efficacy and high cytotoxicity of current treatments for leishmaniasis is an important health issue. This study assessed the anti-leishmanial effects of stem bark extract of\n Rhamnus cathartica<\/jats:italic>\n and nano-emodin (NE) against\n Leishmania major (L. major) in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Emodin was prepared chemically and physically, and was formulated into nanoliposomes at concentrations of 25-400 \u03bcg\/ml. The activity of nanoliposomes were evaluated\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice. Results were analyzed using Prism and SPSS software. Statistical significance was determined using t-test and ANOVA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The results showed that the anti-parasitic effect of nano-emodin increased time and dose-dependently both\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n . 400 \u03bcg\/ml of NE showed the highest inhibitory effects on\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n promastigotes. Also, this concentration could reduce the number of\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n amastigotes. Furthermore, the results of histopathological investigation indicated that all concentrations of nano-emodin had no nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Considering the excellent anti-leishmanial effect of emodin nanoliposomes in addition to the non-toxicity, it can be concluded that this natural compound can be a suitable candidate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_122_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T03:00:51Z","timestamp":1744340451000},"page":"446-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-leishmanial activity of nano-emodin on cutaneous leishmaniasis both in vivo and in vitro"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Khodadadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman Rahimi","family":"Esboei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroona","family":"Chabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Basirpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Commitee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Hassannia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"R1-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.07.003","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: the act of transmission","volume":"37","author":"Serafim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"R2-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1704214","article-title":"Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: clinical variants and 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