{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:22Z","timestamp":1787775982009,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria is one of the critical public health problems globally as well as in India. Recent times have seen an increase in the importance of the possible effects of environmental and demographic factors on the local transmission of malaria. We conducted a community-level study between urban and rural areas to find out the factors associated with malaria infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2020 and September 2022 among 330 households from urban areas of Chetla, Kolkata and rural areas of Singur district of West Bengal state of India. Households were selected by two stage random sampling method. Study was done by face-to-face interview, review of medical records and observation of the households. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Multivariable logistic regression (hierarchical model) was done and p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was taken as significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of malaria infection among participants and household level risks of malaria infection were found to be 6.1%, 1.8% and 18.8%, 6.7%, respectively in the urban and rural areas. Significant predictors of malaria infection were households with \u22655 family members [AOR=2.91{CI (1.19-7.15)}], households not using any mosquito protective measures [AOR=3.71{CI (1.04-13.13)}], presence of mosquito breeding places [AOR=4.93{CI (1.53-15.93)}], absence of effective window screen [AOR=3.19{CI (1.16-8.71)}], absence of separate kitchen [AOR=2.38{CI (1.06-5.34)}], and inadequate lighting condition in the house [AOR=4.35{CI (1.78-10.64)}].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides important insights into the epidemiology of malaria in a high and low-transmission setting in West Bengal, India. Intensified efforts strengthening community mobilization for preventing breeding places for mosquito. Policy should strengthen investment in housing programs that may complement reduction of malaria transmission. Disease reduction effects of Government and local non-governmental organizations should be directed towards those areas in order to decrease disease load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_162_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:00:23Z","timestamp":1706583623000},"page":"477-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Malaria infection and associated household level risks in an urban and rural areas of West Bengal, India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Noor Islam","family":"Bag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobby","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhumita","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhrajit","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03840-w","article-title":"Socio-economic and household determinants of malaria in adults aged 45 and above: analysis of longitudinal ageing survey in India, 2017-2018","volume":"20","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03540-x","article-title":"Socio-economic determinants of malaria in tribal dominated Mandla district enrolled in Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project in Madhya Pradesh","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R4-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_321_19","article-title":"Community perception and risk reduction practices toward malaria and dengue: A mixed-method study in slums of Chetla, Kolkata","volume":"63","author":"Podder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"R5-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221223","article-title":"Prevalence of afebrile malaria and development of risk-scores for gradation of villages: A study from a hot-spot in Odisha","volume":"14","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"R6-20240921","first-page":"22","article-title":"Revised socioeconomic status scales for the year 2021: Updation based on latest base year series 2016","volume":"9","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2150-z","article-title":"Socio-demographic and household attributes may not necessarily influence malaria: evidence from a cross sectional study of households in an urban slum setting of Chennai, India","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8-20240921","first-page":"72","article-title":"Socio-economic status and burden of malaria in Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) area, West Bengal","volume":"52","author":"Khatoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2141-0","article-title":"Malaria prevalence in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India","volume":"16","author":"Dayanand","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R10-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105647","article-title":"Malaria in Sundargarh district, Odisha, India: epidemiological and behavioral aspects from surveys","volume":"211","author":"Van Eijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R11-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-19","article-title":"Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India","volume":"3","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"R12-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-98","article-title":"Malaria risk factors in north-east Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Winskill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R13-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03369-4","article-title":"Risk factors for malaria infection prevalence and household vector density between mass distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticidal nets in North-western Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Mosha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2447-6","article-title":"Does livestock protect from malaria or facilitate malaria prevalence? A cross-sectional study in endemic rural areas of Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Hasyim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R15-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-161","article-title":"Population, behavioural and environmental drivers of malaria prevalence in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"10","author":"Messina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R16-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-195","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of malaria in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Ayele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1394-3","article-title":"Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State","volume":"15","author":"Dawaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"R18-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0986-7","article-title":"Malaria prevalence in Bata district, Equatorial Guinea: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Ncogo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-288","article-title":"A malaria outbreak in Naxalbari, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India, 2005: weaknesses in disease control, important risk factors","volume":"S","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"R20-20240921","first-page":"567","article-title":"Socio-economic & household risk factors of malaria in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, central India","volume":"141","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1595904","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology and comparative reliability of diagnostic tools in Bannu; an endemic malaria focus in south of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"113","author":"Jahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens and Global Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_162_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:47:10Z","timestamp":1787773630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_162_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_162_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}