{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:10Z","timestamp":1787775970628,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background & objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n At present, use of synthetic pesticides to manage insects and other arthropods creates a number of issues that are related to the environment and public health. The goal of the present study is to find repellent activity of\n Vitex negundo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic>\n herbal extracts against the wild species\n Simulium<\/jats:italic>\n (blackfly) bite.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n We have studied\n Simulium<\/jats:italic>\n biting behavior and tested the repellency of herbal extract obtained from\n Vitex negundo<\/jats:italic>\n L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and\n Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic>\n L. (Zingiberal: Zingiberaceae) along with their essential oils in three locations in Arunachal Pradesh, India on human volunteers\u2019 resistance to\n Simulium<\/jats:italic>\n (blackflies). The reported herbal extracts were incorporated to topical drug delivery vehicle as a cream and gel.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The methanolic extract of\n Vitex negundo<\/jats:italic>\n cream and gel formulation showed >2 h safety at 5% concentration and >5 h safety at 10% concentration in all the testing sites followed by ethyl acetate extract. Whereas, chloroform extract of\n Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic>\n cream and gel formulation provided >1 h safety at 5% concentration and >4 h safety at 10% concentration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interpretation & conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n At an optimum concentration of 10%, the methanolic extract of\n Vitex negundo<\/jats:italic>\n cream provided complete protection times (CPTs) 320.4, 358.6, and 346.4 min, respectively. These findings offer confirmation of the methanolic extract and chloroform extract potential for use in new blackfly repellents.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_181_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T06:00:23Z","timestamp":1713420023000},"page":"435-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repellent activity of Vitex negundo and Curcuma longa herbal extract against Simulium species in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Chinmoy","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assam Science and Technology University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipankar","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipul","family":"Rabha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRDO), Tezpur, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240921","first-page":"209","article-title":"The repellant and antifeedant activity of oil of Myrica gale against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and its enhancement by the addition of salicyluric acid","volume":"33","author":"Blackwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Royal Coll Phys"},{"key":"R2-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.02.006","article-title":"Repellent activity of selected essential oils against Aedes aegypti","volume":"78","author":"Choochote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"R3-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70289-5","article-title":"Insect repellents: an overview","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-20240921","first-page":"1","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and its control. 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