{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:16Z","timestamp":1787775976720,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although associated with conflict, epidemic typhus was endemic across Europe into the modem period. The extent of the problem it caused is uncertain as record keeping in the most affected socioeconomic groups was rare. Google Ngram Viewer details the frequency of word usage in written language over time. The objective was to examine whether use of the word typhus reflected potential patterns in epidemic typhus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency of the word \u2018typhus\u2019 was used in British English was studied between 1800 and 2019 and trends were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clear differences in word usage were apparent; use increased throughout the 19\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      century corresponding to increasing industrialization. Peaks coinciding with World Wars 1 and 2 were apparent. Strong correlations with the words \u201cconflict\u201d, \u201cwarfare\u201d and \u201cindustry\u201d were seen. Mean shifts corresponded to public health legislation in the UK and the introduction of antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study illustrates how examination of word usage can illuminate aspects of disease occurrence where official data sources are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_201_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T06:02:08Z","timestamp":1707976928000},"page":"486-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examining trends in epidemic typhus using historical texts"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mark David","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Natural and Built Environment, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00093-X","article-title":"The history of epidemic typhus","volume":"18","author":"Raoult","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0323","article-title":"The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1","volume":"14","author":"Pennington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbio"},{"key":"R4-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present and future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6014","key":"R6-20240921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199644","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books","volume":"331","author":"Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7-20240921","article-title":"Changepoint: An R Package for Changepoint Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Killick","year":"2014","journal-title":"JStat Softw"},{"key":"R9-20240921","first-page":"1","article-title":"A history of public health","author":"Tulchinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"The New Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_201_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:47:07Z","timestamp":1787773627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JVBD.JVBD_201_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_201_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-19","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}