{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:00:40Z","timestamp":1791489640765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With an annual prevalence of 2000 cases, India has the highest global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE). However, the distribution of the disease is not uniform across the country, wherein the states and districts considered endemic are prioritized for vaccination and other control measures. The central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh (MP), which is not yet considered JE-endemic, possesses multiple agents, hosts, and environmental risk factors and is geographically close to several hotspots of transmission. In this study, we explored the potential endemicity of JE in MP by estimating its prevalence in acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases, examining its geospatial and temporal distribution, and demonstrating evidence of viremia in known animal reservoirs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 761 human samples were analyzed using an ELISA kit to detect anti-JEV IgM antibodies. Nested and hemi-nested RT-PCR targeting the C-prM region were employed for 93 ELISA-positive human samples, as well as 100 swine and 99 equine samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a prevalence of 13% (99 out of 761) of JE in AES cases, predominantly affecting the pediatric population (73.74%) without any gender predisposition. We found JE viremia in 7% of swine and 8% of equine samples as potential animal reservoirs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study revealed a geospatial distribution of the virus in reservoirs and\/or hosts across 22 districts, with high- and intermediate-burden districts clustering near the state\u2019s border with other JE-endemic states. The temporal distribution indicated that the virus circulated throughout the year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_219_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T01:00:08Z","timestamp":1747875608000},"page":"490-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis in central India: A comprehensive study of human and animals in Madhya Pradesh state"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ram Kumar","family":"Nema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"},{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant","family":"Tapase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Animal Disease Investigation Laboratory, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipesh","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin Ashok","family":"Raut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit Kumar","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudheer","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashwati","family":"Nema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudsia","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashvini","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasis","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Virology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"R2-20251215","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part II. Antibody response of patients","volume":"56","author":"Carey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"R3-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175745","article-title":"Identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of Japanese Encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north Indian district","volume":"12","author":"Kakkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"R4-20251215","first-page":"660","article-title":"Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in context with Indian scenario","volume":"106","author":"Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"R7-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.207040","article-title":"A review of Japanese encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"1","author":"Kumari","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"R8-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901812010121","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Open Virology Journal"},{"key":"R9-20251215","first-page":"187","article-title":"National Ethical Guidelines for biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants: Director-General Indian Council of Medical Research","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"R10-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.100815","article-title":"Introduction of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I, India","volume":"17","author":"Fulmali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"R11-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1139","article-title":"Detection and isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from blood clots collected during the acute phase of infection","volume":"77","author":"Sapkal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.18925","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis vaccine: need of the hour in endemic states of India","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"6","key":"R13-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.10.004","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : An official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101991000300002","article-title":"Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review","volume":"25","author":"Service","year":"1991","journal-title":"Revista de sa\u00fade p\u00fablica"},{"issue":"1","key":"R15-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52858-6","article-title":"The role of farm subsidies in changing India\u2019s water footprint","volume":"15","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R17-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.008","article-title":"Dengue virus is an under-recognised causative agent of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES): Results from a four year AES surveillance study of Japanese encephalitis in selected states of India","volume":"84","author":"Vasanthapuram","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R18-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2019.113705","article-title":"Development of recombinant nonstructural 1 protein based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for sero-surveillance of Japanese encephalitis in swine","volume":"272","author":"Dhanze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"R19-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0212","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercially available Japanese encephalitis virus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays","volume":"83","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene"},{"issue":"10","key":"R20-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802227102","article-title":"Usefulness of RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in clinical samples","volume":"40","author":"Swami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"R21-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.01.021","article-title":"Evaluation of reverse-transcriptase PCR as a diagnostic tool to confirm Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"103","author":"Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.01.021","article-title":"Evaluation of reverse-transcriptase PCR as a diagnostic tool to confirm Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"103","author":"Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"R23-20251215","first-page":"489","article-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/INJMS.INJMS_22_18","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis: Strategies for prevention and control in India","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Specialities"},{"issue":"3","key":"R26-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030357","article-title":"Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift","volume":"13","author":"Hameed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"R27-20251215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13903","article-title":"Detection of coinfection of a divergent subgroup of genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus in multiple classical swine fever virus outbreaks in pigs of Assam, India","volume":"68","author":"Raut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_219_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:56:37Z","timestamp":1787068597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_219_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_219_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-06","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-28","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}