{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:48:59Z","timestamp":1787071739639,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leishmaniasis is a major global public health concern but current control measures are unreliable. Vaccination is likely the best control method, but despite efforts to develop a vaccine, none has been approved for human use. This study evaluated the antileishmanial potential of a vaccine combining 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) as an adjuvant plus soluble\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens (SLmAgs) in BALB\/c mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mice were randomly assigned to four groups and treated as: group 1 - SLmAgs + pristane; group 2 - SLmAgs alone; group 3 - BCG + SLmAg (positive control) and group 4 - phosphate buffered saline (negative control). At 31 days post-vaccination, immune response was assessed by measuring the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10); interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and CD4+\/CD8+ T cells using flow cytometry. Protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis was determined after infecting the mice with virulent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes (at 31 days post-vaccination) and measuring the footpad lesion size and determining parasite loads in infected footpads using the limiting dilution assay at 45 days post infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following vaccination with SLmAgs + pristane as an adjuvant, the mice produced higher amounts of Th 1 cytokine- IFN-\u03b3 compared to Th2 cytokine IL-10 and a significantly higher amount of CD4+ compared to CD8+ T cells, with corresponding smaller lesion sizes and lower parasite loads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation &amp; conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings in this study demonstrate the potential of pristane as an adjuvant for antileishmanial vaccines, effectively inducing protective Th1 responses. However, safety assessments, dosage optimization and evaluation in non-human primates are recommended to confirm its suitability and enhance vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_74_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:00:15Z","timestamp":1765177215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BALB\/c mice vaccinated with soluble Leishmania major antigens plus pristane adjuvant develop Th 1 immune response beneficial against leishmanial challenge"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Byrum W","family":"Wabwoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Coast National Polytechnic, Department of Applied Sciences, Mombasa, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M","family":"Gicheru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnstone","family":"Ingonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damaris","family":"Matoke-Muhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"container-title":["Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_74_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1787068380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_74_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jvbd.jvbd_74_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-9062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-9062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-31","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}