{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:04:12Z","timestamp":1787169852471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dental caries is the most common oral disease of mankind; however, there are limited data on the oral status of adolescents in northern Nigeria. Recently, the World Health Organization set the global caries goal as significant caries (SiC) index score of &lt;3. This study was designed to appraise the magnitude of the disease among adolescents in northern Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence, pattern, and severity of caries among 10\u201312-year-old adolescents in Kano, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six hundred and ninety-four school-aged children were selected through a multi-stage sampling of 10\u201312-year-old children in Kano and examined for dental caries using the WHO protocols. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20 Inc. Chicago IL, USA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of caries was 22.9% with mean DMFT and SiC scores of 0.5 (\u00b11.2) and 3.7 respectively. DMFT &gt;0 ranged from 1 to 8. Tooth 85 (the right mandibular second primary molar) and tooth 36 (left mandibular permanent first molar) had the highest caries count for primary and permanent teeth respectively. More lesions occurred on the left mandible in primary and permanent teeth. The second primary molars and the first permanent molars were most affected by the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of dental caries was low among male adolescents in Kano as evidenced by the low mean DMFT\/dmft scores; however, the condition exceeded the recommended WHO thresholds. Caries occurred more frequently on teeth 85 and 36.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_101_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T06:36:42Z","timestamp":1694759802000},"page":"88-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dental Caries Prevalence, Severity, and Pattern Among Male Adolescents in Kano, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chizoba Chineme","family":"Okolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folakemi A.","family":"Oredugba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obafunke O.","family":"Denloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yewande I.","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.881S","article-title":"Sugars and dental caries","volume":"78","author":"Touger-Decker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R2-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-4-2","article-title":"Grouping of tooth surfaces by susceptibility to caries: A study in 5-16 year-old children","volume":"4","author":"Batchelor","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R4-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242011000100012","article-title":"Inequalities in the distribution of dental caries among 12-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren","volume":"25","author":"Piovesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R5-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094878","article-title":"Distribution and polarization of caries in adolescent populations","volume":"18","author":"Schill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R6-14-20240907","first-page":"661","article-title":"The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health","volume":"83","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R8-14-20240907","first-page":"242","article-title":"The phenomenon of Almajiri system of education in northern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Gbigbidje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Arts Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"R9-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2016.10","article-title":"Oral health knowledge and practice of 12 to 14-year-old Almajaris in Nigeria: A problem of definition and a call to action","volume":"37","author":"Idowu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"R11-14-20240907","first-page":"290","article-title":"Evaluation of DMFT index and significant caries index in 12-year-old students in Sirjan, Kerman","volume":"10","author":"Sajadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Isfahan Dent Sch"},{"key":"R12-14-20240907","first-page":"59","article-title":"Significant caries index: A better indicator for dental caries","volume":"9","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"R13-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00572.x","article-title":"Introducing the significant caries index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds","volume":"50","author":"Bratthall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"R14-14-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"The decline in dental caries among Korean children aged 8 and 12 years from 2000 to 2012 focusing SiC index and DMFT BMC","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health"},{"key":"R15-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ejgd.ejgd_89_19","article-title":"Assessing dental caries and related factors in 12-year-old Nigerian school children: Report from a southeastern state","volume":"9","author":"Akaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Dent"},{"key":"R16-14-20240907","first-page":"27","article-title":"The prevalence of dental caries among 12 to 15-year-old school children in Nigeria: Report of a local survey and campaign","volume":"2","author":"Okeigbemen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R17-14-20240907","first-page":"145","article-title":"Dental caries in 12-year-old suburban Nigerian school children","volume":"6","author":"Adekoya-Sofowora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"R18-14-20240907","first-page":"195","article-title":"Oral health status of 12-year-old Nigerian children","volume":"25","author":"Agbelusi","year":"2006","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"R19-14-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caries distribution, prevalence, and treatment needs among 12\u201315-year-old secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","volume":"2014","author":"Braimoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"R20-14-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disparities in caries experience and socio-behavioural risk indicators among private school children in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Olatosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr"},{"key":"R21-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2012.00122.x","article-title":"An appraisal of the oral health care system in Nigeria","volume":"62","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"R22-14-20240907","first-page":"15","article-title":"Dental caries experience and restorative need among 12\u201314 year old Almajiris and private school children in Kano","volume":"40","author":"Idowu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Odontostomatol Trop"},{"key":"R23-14-20240907","first-page":"225","article-title":"Sample size calculation in epidemiological studies","volume":"7","author":"Kasiulevi\u010dius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontologija"},{"key":"R24-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572008000400011","article-title":"Dental caries experience in 12-year-old schoolchildren in southeastern Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Cypriano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"R25-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-9-15","article-title":"Oral health status of 12-year-old school children in Khartoum State, The Sudan: A school-based survey","volume":"9","author":"Nurelhuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R26-14-20240907","first-page":"51","article-title":"Dental status and DMFT index in 12 year old children of public care centers in Tehran","volume":"9","author":"Shafie Zadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran Rehabil J"},{"key":"R27-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12816\/0000206","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of dental caries in 12 year old Turkish children and related factors","volume":"21","author":"Gokalp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J Islam World Acad Sci"},{"key":"R28-14-20240907","first-page":"245","article-title":"DMFT index of 12 year-old students of public schools participating in the Project of Education for Working for Health","volume":"10","author":"Vizzotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Odonto"},{"key":"R29-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.11.732","article-title":"Oral health status of 12-year-old male schoolchildren in Medina, Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Bhayat","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"R30-14-20240907","first-page":"104","article-title":"Oral hygiene practices and caries prevalence among 9\u201315 years old Ghanaian school children","volume":"2","author":"Ndanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Sci"},{"key":"R31-14-20240907","first-page":"171","article-title":"Dental caries prevalence of twelve year olds in Puerto Rico","volume":"20","author":"El\u00edas-Boneta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun Dent Health"},{"key":"R32-14-20240907","first-page":"308","article-title":"Dental caries experience using the significant caries index among 12 year old school children in Karnataka, India","volume":"3","author":"Poudyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"R33-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0465-3","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among 12 years old students in Eritrea","volume":"17","author":"Andegiorgish","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R34-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637508","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2637508","article-title":"Oral health status of syrian children in the Refugee Center of Melilla, Spain","volume":"2018","author":"Riatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"R35-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0800","article-title":"Dental care presents the highest level of financial barriers, compared to other types of health care services","volume":"35","author":"Vujicic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood"},{"key":"R36-14-20240907","first-page":"267","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of dental caries among a sample of Nigerian public primary school children","volume":"10","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"R37-14-20240907","first-page":"20","article-title":"The pattern of dental caries in children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Eigbobo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"R38-14-20240907","first-page":"78","article-title":"Dental caries pattern of first and second permanent molars and treatment needs among adolescents in Lagos","volume":"15","author":"Umesi-Koleoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Niger Dent J"},{"key":"R39-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2014.03.006","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries among 12-14 year old children in Qatar","volume":"26","author":"Al-Darwish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"R40-14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262558","article-title":"Caries pattern in primary molars in Dutch 5-year-old children","volume":"7","author":"Elfrink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_101_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:05Z","timestamp":1787166845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_101_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_101_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}}}