{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:39:12Z","timestamp":1787841552377,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Missile injury is a global public health problem, which occurs in both military and civilian settings. Boko Haram insurgency in North-Eastern Nigeria is one of the major violence the country experienced that resulted in many civilian casualties. This study was aimed at exploring the various patterns of the missile injuries to the maxillofacial region during Boko Haram insurgency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cross-sectional study, relevant information was retrieved from patient records including sociodemographic, causes of missile injuries, site of injuries, pattern of presentation, treatment, and the complications, and analysed using SPSS version 23.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 526 patients with various maxillofacial injuries were seen during this 12-year study period, with age ranging from 4 to 65 years, the peak incidence in the age group 31\u201340 years, 89.5% were males, 92.9% of the injuries were allegedly inflicted by insurgents and comprised of 61.0% gunshot injuries, 24.5% bomb blast, and machete cuts 7.4%. Most of the injuries occurred in the lower third of the face, 39.8%, and mandible was the commonest fractured facial bone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial injuries commonly are associated with devastating consequences to survivors and, hence, may require long time monitoring and psychosocial rehabilitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1723208479000},"page":"192-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pattern and management of missile injury to the oral and maxillofacial region: A 12-year experience during Boko Haram insurgency in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mukhtar Modibbo","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Kayode","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olutayo","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector Oladapo","family":"Olasoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubakar Kaka","family":"Sanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maiduguri teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Muhammad","family":"Shehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maiduguri teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusha`u Abdullahi","family":"Shehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww147","article-title":"The hidden epidemic of firearm injury: Increasing firearm injury rates during 2001-2013","volume":"185","author":"Kalesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"CIT0002-20240907","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gunshot injuries in a Nigerian hospital","volume":"5","author":"Akinbolagbe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Niger J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"CIT0003-20240907","first-page":"296","article-title":"Epidemiology of gunshot injuries in Kano, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Mohammed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nigerian J Surg Res"},{"key":"CIT0004-20240907","first-page":"18","article-title":"Missile and blast injuries in Nigeria\u2014The southeast 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injuries to children in Cape Town, South Africa: Impact of the 2004 Firearms Control Act","volume":"51","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"key":"CIT0018-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.07.005","article-title":"Patterns of maxillofacial injuries caused by terrorist attacks in Iraq: Retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Gataa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0019-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.11.007","article-title":"Maxillofacial gunshot injuries: A comparison of civilian and military data","volume":"74","author":"Guevara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0020-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.06.024","article-title":"Characteristics of mandibular injuries caused by bullets and improvised explosive devices: A comparative study","volume":"46","author":"Bede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0022-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.156911","article-title":"Machete\u2011cut injuries are occurring in the maxillofacial region in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Chukwudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nigerian J Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:01:20Z","timestamp":1787839280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_110_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944","2992-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"},{"value":"2992-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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