{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:38:06Z","timestamp":1793367486868,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Addition of fentanyl to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid block (SAB) enhances the efficacy of bupivacaine and enables the use of reduced doses of the two drugs, thereby minimising their adverse effects. However, fentanyl may cross the placenta and cause chest wall rigidity, cardiovascular and respiratory depression in the foetus, resulting in poor neonatal outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to determine and compare the effects of 20 and 25 \u00b5g fentanyl added to 10\u2009mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine on the outcome of neonates delivered by caesarean section under SAB.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Ninety-nine pregnant women, aged 18\u201345 years and American Society of Anaesthesiologists I and II, were randomly divided into three equal groups: group A, group B, and group C. Each group received 2\u2009mL (10\u2009mg) 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, and in addition, group A received 0.5\u2009mL normal saline, group B received 0.4\u2009mL (20 \u00b5g) fentanyl + 0.1\u2009mL normal saline, whereas group C received 0.5\u2009mL (25 \u00b5g) fentanyl. Following delivery, the newborn babies\u2019 Apgar scores, Neurological and Adaptive Capacity Scores (NACS), umbilical cord arterial blood gas, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and pulse rate were assessed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean Apgar scores at 1 and 5\u2009min and the mean NACS at 15\u2009min and 2\u2009h were significantly lower in the fentanyl\/bupivacaine groups compared with the bupivacaine only group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). The mean pH and SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/PR of the neonates were within normal neonatal range but decreased from group A to group C (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Neonates whose mothers received bupivacaine only had better outcomes than those who received bupivacaine\/fentanyl combination, whereas those who received 20 \u00b5g fentanyl had better outcomes than those who received 25 \u00b5g.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_13_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:01:21Z","timestamp":1777910481000},"page":"425-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Fentanyl Added to Bupivacaine for Intrathecal Injection on the Outcome of Neonates Delivered by Caesarean Section under Spinal Anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Idris Mohammad","family":"El-Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawal Ibrahim","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Rabiu","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakubu Saidu","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakubu","family":"Hamisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toro Shehu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi Sheidu","family":"Owuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Yakubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aghadi Ifeanyi","family":"Kene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Kaduna State University (KASU) and Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH), Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaidu","family":"Habiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Post-Basic Nursing Programmes (Paediatrics), ABUTH Zaria, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20261030","first-page":"482","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of spinal anaesthesia vs general anaesthesia on apgar score in neonates born after elective caesarean section","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IPMJ"},{"key":"CIT0002-20261030","first-page":"00278","article-title":"Analgesic effect of intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to spinal anaesthesia in comparison with spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine only for mothers delivered by emergency cesarean section","volume":"7","author":"Yesuf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anesth Crit Care Open Access"},{"key":"CIT0003-20261030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.110154","article-title":"Comparison of the maternal and neonatal effects of bupivacaine plus fentanyl and ropivacaine plus fentanyl during 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