{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:04:37Z","timestamp":1787169877374,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a paucity of studies in the West African sub-region which have compared both the intraoperative and postoperative analgesic effects of caudal block and inguinal field block using plain bupivacaine in groin surgeries in children. The study aimed to compare the duration of analgesia and complications of caudal block and inguinal field block in pediatric groin surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective, double-blind randomized study conducted at a tertiary health institution in North Central, Nigeria, over a period of 6 months. A total of 74 children scheduled for day case groin surgeries for inguinal hernia, hydrocoele and palpable undescended testis were recruited into the study. The effectiveness of the analgesic effect was assessed by measuring serum cortisol levels before surgery (i.e. baseline at 8am), 5minutes after caudal block or inguinal field block, and 1-hour after surgery. Post-operative pain was determined using FLACC score (Face, Legs, Activity, Crying and Consolability) every 15 minutes till 6 hours after surgery when the patients were discharged home and the caregivers measured the patients\u2019 pain scores using the FLACC score every 1 hour to a maximum duration of 10 hours after surgery. Data obtained from the study was entered into the study proforma and analysed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. The P value was considered statistically significant at &lt;0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 74 patients were recruited for this study, with 68 males (91.9%) and 6 females (8.1%). The children\u2019s age range was 6 months to 7 years, with a mean age of 3.35\u2009\u00b1\u20091.90 years. The mean basal serum cortisol levels of the caudal block group and inguinal block group were 11.15\u2009\u00b1\u20095.38 \u00b5g\/dL and 10.79\u2009\u00b1\u20094.92\u00b5g\/d respectively (p-value = 0.767). Five minutes after caudal block, the mean serum cortisol level was 10.50\u2009\u00b1\u20095.39\u00b5g\/dL while inguinal field block was 10.63\u2009\u00b1\u20094.68\u00b5g\/dL (p-value = 0.288). The mean serum cortisol level obtained one hour after each procedure was 9.34\u2009\u00b1\u20094.05 \u00b5g\/dL for the caudal block group and 10.00\u2009\u00b1\u20093.56 \u00b5g\/dL in the inguinal field block group with p-value = 0.275. Using the FLACC score, the mean duration of analgesia in caudal block group was 372.00\u2009\u00b1\u200971.55 minutes and was inguinal field block group was 387.43\u2009\u00b1\u200962.65 minutes with a p-value = 0.116. There was no anaesthetic technique related complications that was recorded in both caudal block group and inguinal group during the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that caudal block and inguinal field block using plain bupivacaine provided comparable duration of analgesia in paediatric groin surgeries. Therefore, caudal block or inguinal field block using plain bupivacaine should be recommended for both intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in elective paediatric groin surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_146_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T06:37:17Z","timestamp":1694759837000},"page":"96-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pediatric Groin Surgeries"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ukoha Agwu","family":"Kalu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope O.","family":"Odi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones O.","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukman O.","family":"Abdur-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezekiel O.","family":"Oyewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiye T.","family":"Ibiyeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-16-20240907","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparison of caudal analgesia and intravenous diclofenac for postoperative pain relief in paediatric patients undergoing daycase herniotomy","volume":"12","author":"Aroso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Anaesth Inten Care"},{"key":"R2-16-20240907","first-page":"185","article-title":"Postoperative symptoms at home in children following day case surgery","volume":"19","author":"Faponle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Middle East J of Anesthesiolo"},{"key":"R3-16-20240907","first-page":"345","article-title":"Postoperative pain management","volume":"5","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R4-16-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-12-S1-S12","article-title":"Comparative study between levobupivacaine and bupivacaine for hernia surgery in the elderly","volume":"12","author":"Compagna","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"R5-16-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","article-title":"How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research?","volume":"35","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"R6-16-20240907","first-page":"208","article-title":"Analgesia after inguinal herniotomy in children: Combination of simplified (single puncture) ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks and wound infiltration vs. Caudal block with 0.25% bupivacaine","volume":"3","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ"},{"key":"R7-16-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E841","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.E841","article-title":"A new look on adding dexamethasone as an adjuvant to caudal bupivacaine; 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